chapter 16

• To prepare an organic liquid:

  Heat under reflux

  Distill

  Purify

  Dry

  Redistill
• When heating under reflux:

  -use a pear shaped flask

  -use antibumping granules

  -never put a stopper in

  -water in the condenser comes in at the bottom and leaves at the top
• When distilling:

  -water enters at the lowest point and leaves at the top

  -flask collects the distillate

  -a screw cap adaptor or thermometer pocket it added on the pear shaped flask
• When purifying organic product:

  -Pour the product in the separating funnel

  -Allow layers to settle

  -Collect the bottom layer in a conical flask by running it off

  -Collect the second layer
• When drying the organic product:

  -Add a spatula of a drying agent to the liquid , put in a stopper then decant the liquid from the solid

  Drying agents: anhydrous calcium chloride, calcium Sulfate or magnesium sulfate
• Two stage synthesis can be used to convert a starting molecule into a target molecule