biologie

• Oxygen can form a bond with the number two carbon on the fructose, which can then be used to form a bond with a hydrogen proton floating around, creating a carbon bonded to an oxygen which is then bonded to another carbon.
• To visualize sucrose properly, the fructose must be flipped over and moved up to the front.
• Sucrose is formed when glucose forms a glycosidic bond with fructose.
• Glycosidic linkages can also be used to create polysaccharides, such as sucrose.
• These bonds, known as glycosidic linkages, are the basis for how monosaccharides are created and disaccharides are formed.
• Glucose, the monosaccharide glucose, is the building block of things like glycogen and starch and chitin.
• Fructose, often known as fruit sugar, is another prominent monosaccharide.
• Fructose, as a monosaccharide, is the sweetest of all sugars.
• Table sugar, the sugar that you might put into your tea or your coffee, is called sucrose and it's a disaccharide made up of glucose and fructose.
• Sucrose is formed through dehydration synthesis, where the oxygen on the number one carbon in glucose forms a bond with the carbon in the carbonyl group in fructose.
• The reason why fructose forms a five-member ring involving four carbons instead of a six-member ring involving five carbons is because the carbonyl group is one further down the chain than it is in glucose.
• Oxygen on the hydroxyl group on the number five carbon in fructose forms a bond with the carbon in the carbonyl group, allowing one of the two double bonds to form a bond with a proton floating around.
• The same mechanism occurs in glucose, where one of the two double bonds could be used to form a bond with a hydrogen proton.
• Fructose is the sweetest of all the monosaccharides, the sweetest sugar.
• The proton in fructose is likely to be involved in a hydronium molecule.
• Both glucose and fructose have six carbons, one, two, three, four, five, six, and both have 12 hydrogens, one, two, three, four, five, six, and both have six oxygens, one, two, three, four, five, six.
• Glucose and fructose are structural isomers, with different constituent carbons, hydrogens and oxygens bonded in a different way.
• On the glucose molecule, when it's in its straight chain form, it has a carbonyl group at the number one carbon.
• Fructose, when it's in its straight chain form, has a carbonyl group at the number two carbon.
• Aldehyde is a functional group that makes the entire molecule categorizable as an aldehyde.
• Glucose is typically found in a six-member ring, while fructose is typically found in a five-member ring.
• Fructose is a ketone, and it can form a cyclical form.
• A pyranose ring is a carbohydrate ring where it has six members, one of which is oxygen, and when you have five members, one of which is oxygen, this is called a furanose ring.
• When the carbon in the carbonyl group isn't at the end of the chain, it's in the middle of the chain, or its in the midst of the chain, so to speak, it's not exactly in the middle, but it's, this carbon is bonded to two different carbons.
• Fructose can be found in either a furanose form or a pyranose form, but the furanose form is the one that's most typical.
• Straight chain and cyclical form of a molecule can exist in equilibrium if they are in an aqueous solution.
• A ketone functional group is bonded to two carbons, hence the name.
• If you have a carbonyl group that's at the end of a carbon chain, it's called an aldehyde functional group.
• The four types of macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
• A monosaccharide is the smallest subunit of a carbohydrate and glucose is a monosaccharide.
• The structure of glucose is a six-carbon sugar that forms a six-membered ring with carbon atoms numbered 1 through 6 and hydrogen atoms.
• Not all amino acids end with the suffix in, but most do.
• Most amino acids end with the suffix in, which is a good indication that they are proteins.
• The majority of amino acids, including valine, serine, tyrosine, and alanine, end with the suffix in.
• The name of an amino acid can sometimes give a clue as to whether it is a protein or not.
• Glucose can convert into a straight chain structure with an aldehyde functional group.
• A protein with multiple subunits or multiple polypeptide chains coming together to form a functional protein represents the coronary structure.
• The tertiary structure of a protein is based on how the polypeptide chain folds and its 3D structure.
• The secondary structure of a protein is based on the alpha helix structure and beta pleated sheets.
• Hemoglobin, which has four polypeptide chains, has two alpha subunits and two beta subunits, forms the quaternary structure.