Cognitive Explanation

• What is the cognitive triad?

  Having negative views about the world, future and oneself.
• What did Claiborn, 2009 find?

  Although hallucinations are experienced by many with scz, estimated between 2.5% and 4% of general population have experienced hallucinations, most of whom aren't diagnosed with psychiatric problem.
• What is the TABE model ( Morrison 1998)?

  Trigger( what could cause hallucinations in non-scz person?), Appraisal (what would they think caused it?), Behaviour (what may hallucinations make them do?)and Emotions( how they may feel).
• What is an example of the TABE model?

  Sleep deprivation causes hallucinations, e.g, hearing voices. Scz person interprets/ appraises these voices inappropriately, e.g, they belong to devil. Appraisals cause behaviours such as social withdrawal or self-harm. Emotions such as shame or sadness reinforce critical messages from, 'voices', so vicious cycle repeats.
• Beck et al (2008) ?


  Scz people endorse dysfunctional beliefs about their performance and their ability to experience pleasure. Have gloomy and cynical view of future. Their mental filters only allow negative messages in and deficits in info processing reinforce this pessimistic view. Leads to flatness of affect, avolition, and anhedonia.
• Frith et al (1979) ?

  Attentional deficit theory. Problems inhibiting preconscious content can cause scz ( lack of preconscious filters). Huge amounts of sensory info received constantly- brains filter out what's needed to be processed and what doesn't. In scz, filters that inhibit unnecessary info entering consciousness are defective. Becomes aware of ambiguous and multiple interpretations of events and find it difficult to select and carry through appropriate courses of action.
• What is theory of mind?

  Individual's understanding that other people have separate mental states ( beliefs, intentions, emotions) and that others can see world from different perspectives to their own.
• Frith 1992?

  Argues scz people don't have clear grasps of own minds and they misunderstand own thought processes. Unable to distinguish between actions that are brought about through external forces and those that are generated internally. E.g, may believe they're controlling what other person is saying (misattributing internal force for external action) or believe their thoughts have been inserted by aliens ( misattributing an external force for internal action).