gi accessory

• Accesory GIT organs Armeo Eugenio S Penafiel Jr
• Kupffer cells are found in the space of Disse and the perisinusoidal space, where they store and metabolize vitamin A.
• A classic liver lobule consists of a central vein, hepatocytes, and bile ductules.
• Hepatic ducts are involved in the production of bile, conjugation of bilirubin, maintenance of blood glucose level, glycogen storage and degradation to glucose, and the synthesis of cholesterol, plasma proteins, and vitamin A.
• Portal triads are composed of a hepatic arteriole, portal venule, bile ductule, lymphatic venule, and lymphatic vessels that parallel the portal vein and thoracic duct.
• Hepatocytes are involved in the metabolism of ethanol, synthesis of bile salts, 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D, storage of iron, synthesis of the 11 nonessential amino acids, synthesis of ketone bodies, secretion of angiotensinogen, and the secretion of a1-antitrypsin.
• Hepatic stellate cells are hexagonal in shape with a central vein at its center and six portal triads at its periphery.
• The liver acinus is divided into zones 1, 2, and 3 based on the location of hepatocytes to incoming blood.
• Myoepithelial cells in salivary glands are polarized, pyramidal, and have apical secretory activity.
• Myoepithelial cells in the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands have contractile processes.
• Serous acini make up 2% of the entire pancreas and contain alpha cells (20%), glucagon, stimulated during hypoglycemia, beta cells (75%), insulin, in response to hyperglycemia, delta cells (5%), somatostasin, and islets of Langerhans.
• The parotid salivary gland is serous and watery.
• The pancreas also produces Cholecystokinin.
• Epithelial cells in salivary glands can be serous, mucous, or myoepithelial.
• Secretory units in salivary glands can be serous, seromucous, or mucous.
• Epithelial cells in the parotid salivary gland are serous and have round nuclei, while the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands are serous and have columnar nuclei.
• The submandibular and sublingual salivary glands are serous and mucous.
• Epithelial cells in the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands are compressed basal nuclei and have hydrophilic mucins.
• The liver is responsible for the degradation of ammonia and the production of 50% of the world's liver.
• Secretin is a hormone that is secreted by the pancreas.
• Exocrine glands include the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands.
• The pancreas is composed of a network of ducts that include the intercalated duct, intralobular duct, interlobular duct, duct of Wirsung, ampulla of Vater, and duodenum.
• Digestive enzymes and HCO3 are secreted into the duodenum by the pancreas.
• Saliva has a pH ranging from 6.5 to 6.9.
• The pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ and produces digestive enzymes such as trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, lipase, amylase, elastase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, cholesterol esterase and phospholipase.
• Glycoprotein mucin is a component of saliva.
• The islets of Langerhans are the largest internal organ, located in the porta hepatis, and contain the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, hepatic vein, lymphatics, common hepatic (bile) duct, and liver.