psyc chapter 7

• The Atkinson - Shiffrin Model stores information in memory without using it for any specific purpose and controls processes that shift information from one memory to another.
• Sensory memory, as defined by the Sperling Task, is a memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time.
• Sensory memory can be categorized as iconic or echoic.
• The Sperling Task is an analogy.
• Attention interacts with sensory memory to allow for continuous perceptions.
• The 'spotlight of attention' allows some sensory information to be transferred to Short-Term Memory (STM).
• Change blindness occurs when information is outside the spotlight.
• Short-Term Memory (STM) has a limited capacity and duration (<1 min) and is able to hold 7 ± 2 items or chunks in STM.
• Chunking is the process of organizing smaller units of information into larger, more meaningful units.
• Just being exposed to a stimuli repeatedly can increase later preferences is known as the Mere Exposure Effect.
• Researchers interviewed participants about real and doctored photos.
• Reality monitoring errors are the inability to distinguish between memories for events that have actually occurred and memories for imagined events.
• Ronald Cotton was selected from a police lineup, with his initial ID being tentative and his confidence in ID increasing over time.
• Juries are more likely to believe a confident witness, leading to over 75% of wrongful convictions being attributed to mistaken eyewitnesses.
• Source monitoring errors are the inability to properly attribute how (i.e., from what source) a memory originated.
• Destination memory errors are a type of source monitoring error.
• Imagination inflation is an increased confidence in a false memory due to repeated imagination of the event.
• Integrating a new memory into our existing 'library' of connected ideas can both help and hinder memory retrieval.
• Familiarity and the Illusion of Truth is a phenomenon where participants are given a series of sentences and asked to judge how interesting each statement was.
• Eyewitness Testimony is often unreliable due to factors such as misidentification and misreporting, with high confidence in recall ability.
• Encoding Specificity Principle states that retrieval is most effective when it occurs in the same context as encoding.
• Constructive memory involves first recalling a generalized schema and then adding in specific details as needed.
• Errors in memory tend to make recall schema-consistent.
• Context-dependent forgetting and context-reinstatement effect are types of forgetting that occur in specific contexts.
• Desirable difficulties, such as taking notes, force students to synthesize main points, promote active learning, and improve test performance.
• Schemas are organized categories of information that get activated by an event, object, or idea, serving as mental shortcuts that guide expectations and memory.
• Interleaving, a method of improving memory, forces changes in attention, makes the session more effortful, and strengthens memory.
• Mnemonics are techniques that are intended to improve memory for specific information, such as acronyms, first letter technique, dual coding, and method of loci.
• Jury instructions and children are particularly susceptible to the misinformation effect.
• The Forgetting Curve, demonstrated by Hermann Ebbinghaus, measures the rate of forgetting over time.
• Cue overload, a method of improving memory, involves using visual imagery.
• Context-dependent learning, state-dependent learning, and mood-dependent learning are types of learning that occur in specific contexts.
• Staged car accidents and leading questions are examples of misinformation effect.
• DRM procedure involves recall of ‘critical lure’.
• Expertise enhances memory and understanding allows for new knowledge to be integrated into existing memory frameworks.
• Intrusion errors are errors in which other knowledge intrudes into a remembered event.
• The spacing effect, another method of improving memory, states that material is better recalled when studied over a period of short sessions spaced apart, instead of in one long session.
• Misinformation effect happens when information occurring after an event becomes part of the memory for that event.
• Deficits in H.M. include digit span and Corsi block-tapping test, but not in classical conditioning, remote memory, or mirror drawing test.
• The Working Memory Model is a more nuanced elaboration on the short-term memory component of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model.