Alcohols

• Who is the presenter of the alcohols video for AQA specification?

  Chris Harris
• What is the purpose of the video on alcohols?

  To provide a quick overview of the topic
• What functional group do alcohols contain?

  Hydroxy group (O)
• What defines a primary alcohol?

  One alkyl group attached to carbon with O
• How many alkyl groups are attached to a secondary alcohol?

  Two alkyl groups
• What characterizes a tertiary alcohol?

  Three alkyl groups attached to carbon with O
• Why is it important to know the types of alcohols?

  They react differently when oxidized
• What is dehydration of alcohols?

  Removing water to form alkenes
• What is the main advantage of making alkenes from alcohols via fermentation?

  It is a sustainable method
• What is the role of an acid catalyst in dehydration?

  To facilitate the removal of water
• Name two acid catalysts used in dehydration of alcohols.

  Sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid
• What happens during the dehydration reaction of alcohols?

  Water is eliminated to form alkenes
• How does the mechanism of dehydration work?

  Involves formation of carbocation intermediates
• What is a key feature of secondary alcohol dehydration?

  Two different alkenes can be formed
• What is the purpose of distillation in dehydration of alcohols?

  To separate useful alkenes from impurities
• How does distillation separate components?

  According to their boiling points
• What is the first step in making cyclohexene from cyclohexanol?

  Use distillation
• Why are anti-bumping granules used in distillation?

  To prevent violent boiling
• What temperature is cyclohexanol boiled at during distillation?

  83°C
• What happens to chemicals with boiling points less than 83°C during distillation?

  They evaporate and condense
• What is the purpose of adding water after distillation?

  To dissolve soluble impurities
• What is the last step in purifying cyclohexene?

  Add a drying agent
• What is the role of calcium chloride in purification?

  To remove any remaining water
• What is the process of hydration of alkenes?

  Adding water to form alcohols
• What conditions are needed for the hydration of alkenes?

  300°C and 60 atmospheres pressure
• What happens to the double bond during hydration of alkenes?

  It forms a bond with H+ ion
• How does the mechanism of hydration differ from dehydration?

  Hydration adds water, dehydration removes it
• What is produced at the end of the hydration mechanism?

  Ethanol
• What is fermentation in the context of alcohol production?

  A sustainable method to produce alcohols
• What is the product formed when the bond breaks and hydrogen falls off?

  CH3CH2OH (ethanol)
• What happens to the oxygen during the stabilization process?

  Electrons from the bond jump to oxygen
• What does the removal of H+ ions indicate in the reaction?

  The acid has been reformed, proving catalysis
• What is fermentation used for?

  Producing alcohol or alkenes sustainably
• What is the main source for fermentation?

  Glucose from plants
• What conditions are required for fermentation?

  Anaerobic conditions with yeast
• What is the chemical formula for glucose?

  C6H12O6
• What are the products of glucose fermentation?

  Ethanol and carbon dioxide
• What temperature range is optimal for enzyme activity in fermentation?

  30 to 40°C
• What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?

  They become denatured and inactive
• What is used to obtain pure alcohol after fermentation?

  Fractional distillation