Gender

• Are there more men or women editors?

  Men
• What did Croteau and Haynes find about gender stereotypes?

  That in the mode 90s only 6% of newspaper management were female and only 20% of top TV management were women
• Who appears more in the media: Men or Women?

  Men
• What did Cumberbatch suggest statistically about gender stereotypes?

  That over 90% of voice overs in advertisements are men and 66% of all people in adverts are men
• How are women presented in the media?

  As ideals for women to aspire to
• What did Wolf and Orbach argue?

  That the rise in eating disorders in women is a result of ideals created by the media
• What two ways does the media portray women according to Tuchman?

  victims of domestic and Sexual violence
• What is symbolic annihilation?

  Tuchman said that the achievements of women are shown to be less important than their sex appeal and it also occurs when a group is represented negatively or falsely or completely ignored
• What research did Ferguson find in women magazines?

  They found that they gave advice and training on being stereotypically feminine - domestic, romantic, sexual.
• How do adverts portray some men?

  Incompetent at stereotypically female domestic tasks.
• How do action films portray men?

  As violent and show their violence in a positive way
• What are media stereotypes of gender often influenced by?

  Binary oppositions
• what does binary oppositions mean?

  Looking at the world in terms of pairs of opposites
• What is an example of Binary oppositions?

  Male/Female
• What did Levi-Strauss suggest about binary opposites?

  He said that one half of a binary opposite pair is culturally marked as being more positive than the other.
• What does binary opposites include the idea of?

  The other - the dominant half of the binary pair perceived less positively is the 'other' (women)
• What did Westwood suggest about representations changing?

  Argued that there are lots of female characters on TV and in film who do not conform to gender stereotypes. These characters are seen as transgressive, because they go beyond the normal female sterotypes
• What are some examples positive female role models ?

  • Black Widow
  • Wonder women
  • Black Panther
• What did Gauntlet look at?

  The changes in the medias portrayal of masculinity. He found that some men's magazines mirrored the format of women magazines with advice on health, looking good and attracting women.
• What do men's magazines often promote?

  The metrosexual male, who cares about how he looks, respects women and displays traditionally feminine traits. However Gauntlet acknowledges that male magazines still sexualise women.
• What do the diverse representations of gender create according to Ganutlet?

  A wider range of gendered images to choose from
• what did Hermes, a postmodernist argue?

  That people can reject media images about gender