states of matter

• What are the three states of matter discussed in the video?

  Solid, liquid, and gas
• What model is used to explain the behavior of particles in different states of matter?

  Particle theory
• How are particles in solids described in the particle theory?

  As small solid inelastic spheres
• What holds the particles in a solid together?

  Strong forces of attraction
• What structure do particles in a solid form?

  A regular lattice structure
• Why does a solid maintain a definite shape and volume?

  Particles are fixed in position
• What movement do particles in a solid exhibit?

  Vibration in their position
• What happens to a solid when it is heated?

  Particles gain energy and vibrate more
• What is the melting point?

  The temperature where a solid melts
• What occurs at the melting point?

  Particles break free of their bonds
• How are particles arranged in a liquid?

  Randomly, but fairly compact
• What allows liquids to flow and change shape?

  Weak forces of attraction between particles
• What happens to a liquid when it is heated?

  Particles gain energy and move faster
• What is the boiling point?

  The temperature where a liquid boils
• What occurs at the boiling point?

  Particles break bonds and become gas
• How do gases behave in terms of shape and volume?

  They fill a container and have no definite shape
• What is meant by random motion of gas particles?

  Particles can travel in any direction
• What happens to gas particles when heated?

  They gain energy and travel faster
• What happens to a gas in an expandable container when heated?

  The gas expands
• What happens to a gas in a fixed container when heated?

  The pressure increases
• What occurs when a gas is cooled down sufficiently?

  Particles form bonds and condense into liquid
• What happens when a liquid is cooled further?

  Particles form more bonds and freeze into solid
• What are the processes of changing states of matter?

  • Melting: Solid to liquid at melting point
  • Boiling: Liquid to gas at boiling point
  • Condensation: Gas to liquid when cooled
  • Freezing: Liquid to solid when cooled further
• What is a pure substance?

  Contains only one type of compound or element
• Why is the purity of a substance important?

  Only pure substances melt and boil at specific temperatures
• What happens to the melting and boiling points of impure substances?

  They vary over a range of temperatures
• What are formulations in chemistry?

  • Mixtures prepared using specific formulas
  • Contain precise amounts of components
  • Used for specific purposes (e.g., fuels, medicines)
• How do different components in a formulation contribute?

  Each component provides a different property
• What are the two types of distillation mentioned in the video?

  Simple distillation and fractional distillation
• What is the purpose of simple distillation?

  To separate a liquid from a solution
• How can simple distillation be used with seawater?

  To separate pure water from seawater
• What equipment is used in simple distillation?

  A flask, thermometer, condenser, and heating device
• Why is the flask sealed with a bung in simple distillation?

  To prevent gas from escaping
• What is the function of the thermometer in the distillation setup?

  To measure the temperature inside the flask
• How does the condenser work in simple distillation?

  It cools and condenses vapor into liquid
• What happens to the vapor in the condenser?

  It cools and condenses into liquid form
• What is left in the flask after distilling seawater?

  Salt
• What is the main technique used for separating mixtures of liquids?

  Fractional distillation
• Why can't simple distillation separate liquids with similar boiling points?

  More than one liquid will evaporate
• What is a key feature of the fractionating column?

  It is full of little glass rods