benzene

• chlorination

  benzene + Cl2 / FeCl3 -> Cl+ -> chlorobenzene (-Cl)
• bromination

  benzene + FeCl3 -> Br+ -> bromobenzene (-Br)
• nitration

  benzene + concentrated HNO3 and H2SO4 acids -> NO2+ -> nitrobenzene (-NO2)
• sulfonation

  benzene + concentrated H2SO4 -> HOSO2+ -> benzenesulfonic acid (-SO3H)
• alkylation

  benzene + CH3Cl / AlCl3 -> Cl3+ -> methylbenzene (-CH3)