Earth Science

• Chemical weathering involves processes like acid rain dissolving minerals in rock formations
• Sand dunes formation in deserts is primarily caused by wind action.
• Breakdown of rocks into smaller particles without changing their chemical composition is a result of mechanical weathering
• Mass wasting is the movement of rock and soil downslope due to gravity
• Vegetation can hinder erosion by absorbing excess water and reinforcing the soil.
• Freeze-thaw weathering can cause cracks and deterioration in concrete due to expansion and contraction.
• The sequence of exogenic processes in transforming volcanic islands is erosion → weathering → deposition
• Improper road construction and maintenance are human activities that can lead to landslides.
• Mass wasting contributes to landscape evolution by causing the downslope movement of rock and soil
• A sandy beach experiencing gradual erosion due to increased wind intensity is a typical example.
• Geothermal heat is the primary source of energy for endogenic processes.
• Transform, subduction, convergent, and divergent are different types of plate boundaries.
• Subduction at convergent boundaries can lead to the formation of geological features.
• Magma plays a role in endogenic processes by creating igneous rock formations.
• Faulting and uplift of landmasses are geological consequences of seismic activity types include normal, reverse, and strike-slip.
• The Ring of Fire is significant for frequent volcanic eruptions and seismic activity, indicating intense tectonic movements
• The theory of continental drift was proposed by Alfred Wegener
• Plate boundaries include transform, divergent, convergent, and subduction
• The geologic time scale includes eras, periods, and epochs
• continental drift - Idea that continents and

  other landmasses have

  shifted
• Gondwana – South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica, and India
• Laurasia – North America, Europe, and Asia
• Plate tectonics - Modern theory to explain movement of continents
• 7 major plates - Pacific Plate, North American Plate, Eurasian Plate. African Plate, Indo- Australia Plate, Antarctic Plate, South American Plate
• The geologic time scale includes eras, periods, and epochs
• The relative ages of rock layers can be determined by observing the position in the rock sequence
• Igneous rocks are limited for fossil dating due to the absence of layering.
• Continental drift influences the geologic time scale by altering the positions of continents and ocean basins
• . The Cambrian Explosion represents the sudden appearance of complex multicellular life forms during the Paleozoic era.
• Current challenges in plate tectonics include understanding the exact mechanisms driving plate movements.
• The Mesozoic era is known as the Age of Reptiles, and the Cenozoic era includes the Quaternary period
• Estimating Earth's age involves analyzing the decay of radioactive isotopes in meteorites.
• Seismic events at the K-T boundary are associated with mass extinction events, including the extinction of dinosaurs.
• Microfossils provide insight into past environmental conditions
• Index fossils are widespread and existed for a short period, aiding in dating rock layers
• Ancient climates can be studied through microfossils
• Plate divergence - Pulling Apart (Rift Valleys)
• Plate convergence - Denser plate forced

  under lighter plate
• Transform Movement - Plates slide pass each other
• ENDOGENIC PROCESS - GEOLOGICAL PROCESS WITHIN THE EARTH’S

  SURFACE