Health and Social Care

• common problems of low birth weight

  low oxygen levels at birth, inability to maintain body temp, infection
• what are gross motor skills?

  the ability to control of the large limbs of the body e.g. jumping, crawlin, kicking and walking
• what happens to girls during poverty?

  growth spurt, breast develop, menstruation begins
• what happens to boys during poverty?

  testosterone produce, voice deepens, facial hair, production of sperm
• what are the benefits of breastfeeding?

  builds a special bond, are less likely to have ear infections, lower risk of asthma and diabetes
• what is perimenopause?

  begins some years before menopause as ovaries gradually begin to produce less oestrogen and can last approx 4 years
• what are symptoms of peri-menopause?

  mood swings, loss of libido, vaginal dryness, trouble sleeping, hot flushes and night sweats
• what are the physiological symptom of menopause?

  anger, anxiety, dizziness, depression
• what are the 4 stages of cognitive development?

  sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete-operational, formal operational
• what happens in sensorimotor?

  from 0-2 years

  infants use their senses and motor functions to understand the world
• what is the pre-operational stage?

  from 2-7 years

  child begins to use symbols, language to speak

  child also gains understanding of past and present
• what happens in the concret-operational stage?

  from 7-11

  child is capable of mental operations

  child learns to manipulate symbols
• what happens in the formal operational stage?

  from ages 11-15

  child learns more adult like thinking

  child transfers his use of logical operations from concrete to abstract
• what is a schema?

  a pattern of thought that organises and interprets information
• what are the four stages of schema?

  assimilation, equilibrium, disequilibrium, accommodation
• what happens in the assimilation stage of schema ?

  the child constructs an understanding of concept
• what happens in the equilibrium stage of schema?

  the child’s experience fits their schema
• what happens in the disequilibrium stage of schema?

  a new experience disturbs the childs schema
• what happens in the accommodation stage of schema?

  the childs schema changes to take account of the new experience
• what are criticisms of piaget?

  he underestimated children's cognitive ability, Bruner believes the maturation process depends on a childs environment and quality of their education not on their cognitive development
• chomksy believed that children...

  cannot learn a new language through imitation alone
• chomksy believed that...


  individuals are born with a ' language acquisition device ', his theory stated that humans are born with the innate ability to acquire language
• criticisms of chomsky are

  lack of scientific evidence to support the theory, doesn't take into account children who experience delayed language development e.g. learning disabilities, trauma, theory relies on children being exposed to language but doesn't take into account the interaction between children and their carers
• intellectual development for early adulthood

  the brain continues to develop to an 'intellectual peak' in an individuals mid twenties, think logically to find realistic answers, apply knowledge skills and experience that they've have gained during life
• intellectual development in middle adulthood

  new brain cells continues to develop but there is a slight decline in the ability to process information, adults maintain the ability to learn, take up new jobs roles
• intellectual development in older adulthood?

  processing speed decreases so memory is poor, gain wisdom with expert knowledge about practical aspects of life may increase with age, blood flow to the brain reduces, neurons decline in some parts of the brain
• emotional development in infancy?

  bonding happens where a mutual emotional and psychological closeness between caregiver and newborn, attachment forms (strong emotional connection) between a child and caregiver
• bowlby on attachment in children?

  1. attachment is innate 2. attachment is a biological process 3. attachment is a social process
• who supports nurture?

  schaffer & emerson
• what does schaffer & emerson suggest about nurture?

  the most important factor is the adult who plays/communicates with them
• what are two reasons for poor attachment?

  post-natal depression and foster care
• how can post natal depression affect attachment?

  it can lead to withdrawal from everyone including the baby
• how can parents promote self esteem in early childhood?

  by further teaching problem solving skills and including the child’s opinions
• what should parents encourage for self esteem in early childhood?

  the acceptance of failure as a non negative experience
• in early childhood children with low self esteem might be..?


  passive, withdrawn, frustrated
• some factors that impact self esteem in early childhood is?

  school work, friendships, bullying, stress at home
• what can self esteem in adolescents be a reason for?

  poor school attainment, behaviour problems, bullying, teenage pregnancy and substance misuse
• research has associated low esteem in adolescents with…?

  truancy, depression and thoughts of suicide
• what factors affect self esteem in adulthood ?

  career development, the prospect of becoming parents and grandparents
• what can result in low self esteem in adulthood?

  stress from feeling unsuccessful can result in a lack of confidence