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Biology - Biotechnology
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Cards (58)
What is biotechnology defined as?
The use of
living cells
for
industrial
purposes
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What is the primary focus of biotechnology?
Industrial
and other purposes
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Which areas commonly use biotechnology?
Brewing
and Wine Making
Yoghurt and Cheese Production
Production of some
medicines
Sewage Treatment
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What are microorganisms?
Very small
living
organisms
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Why are microscopes necessary to study microorganisms?
They are
too small to be seen
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Under what conditions do microbes typically grow quickly?
Under the
right conditions
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What controls the activities of microorganisms?
Enzymes
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What two environmental factors significantly influence enzyme activity in microorganisms?
Temperature
and
pH
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What are the two main types of microorganisms?
Bacteria
and
fungi
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What does bacteria feed on during yoghurt making?
The sugar (
lactose
)
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What is lactose converted to by bacteria during yoghurt production?
Lactic acid
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What taste does lactic acid give to yoghurt?
A
sharp
taste
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What effect does lactic acid have on milk during yoghurt production?
It
thickens
it
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What type of process is the souring of milk?
A
fermentation
process
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How does the drop in pH preserve milk during yoghurt production?
Stops the growth of other
bacteria
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What is the first step in yoghurt production?
To
heat
the milk
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Why is milk heated during yoghurt production?
To kill any unwanted
bacteria
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What is the second reason for heating milk in yoghurt production?
To denature the
whey proteins
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What does denaturing whey proteins achieve in yoghurt production?
Milk binds together instead of forming
curds
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Cheese is made from what?
Liquid
milk
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What process is used to make cheese?
Bacteria
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What needs to happen to milk to separate the milk solids (curds) from the liquid part (whey)?
Milk has to be
curdled
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What chemical is used to curdle milk in cheese making?
Rennet
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What does rennet contain that causes the milk to clot?
An
enzyme
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What happens to the curd after it is formed?
Allowed to
ripen
and mature
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How are some cheeses flavored?
By adding different
microbes
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What type of organism is yeast?
A
single celled
fungus
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How does yeast reproduce?
By
budding
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What cellular structures do yeast cells resemble?
Plant cells
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What structure is found around the outside of yeast cells?
A
cell wall
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What is the vacuole in a yeast cell described as?
Looks
like
a
space
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Under what oxygen conditions do yeast microbes respire during fermentation?
Without oxygen
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What process in yeast do we use in biotechnology?
Natural fermentation
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Why is carbon dioxide essential in baking?
Gas bubbles
make the bread rise
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What industry utilizes the alcohol produced during yeast fermentation?
Brewing
and
wine making
industries
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What is batch processing designed to provide?
The best conditions for
fermentation
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What happens after adding raw materials, nutrients, and microbes in batch processing?
The system is left
untouched
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In batch processing, when does fermentation end?
When the
product
is removed
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What is a biofuel?
A fuel made by a
biological
process
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What materials do microorganisms act on to create biofuels?
Plants
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