Cells

• Cell theory


  States that cells are the fundamental units of structure, function, and organization in all living organisms.
• Prokaryotic cells (bacterial cell)


  Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
• Nucleoid


  Region where the genetic material is located.
• Plasmids


  Small, circular DNA molecules carrying additional genetic information.
• 70S ribosomes


  Involved in protein synthesis.
• Capsule


  Protective outer layer.
• Cell wall


  Provides structural support and protection.
• Eukaryotic cells (plant and animal cells)

  Contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
• Plasma membrane


  Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
• Cytoplasm


  Gel-like substance that fills the cell.
• Nucleus


  Contains genetic material and controls cellular activities.
• Nucleolus


  Involved in ribosome production.
• Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)


  Involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
• Golgi apparatus


  Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport.
• Cell specialisation


  Cells adapt their structure and function to perform specific roles in the body.
• Palisade mesophyll cells in a leaf

  Contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
• Sperm and egg cells in reproduction

  Involved in fertilization and the transmission of genetic material.
• Root hair cells in plants

  Absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
• White blood cells


  Part of the immune system, defending the body against pathogens.
• Red blood cells


  Carry oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from tissues.