paper 1

• What is energy described as in physics?

  Energy is an idea representing interactions
• How is total energy in any interaction characterized?

  Total energy is always conserved
• What is the relationship between energy and mass in nuclear physics?

  Energy can be converted into mass
• What are the different stores of energy called?

  Types of energy or energy stores
• How is kinetic energy calculated?

  Kinetic energy is calculated with $e =$$\frac{1}{2} mv^2$
• What happens to kinetic energy as an object's speed increases?

  Kinetic energy increases with speed
• How is gravitational potential energy (GPE) calculated?

  GPE is calculated with $e =$$mgh$
• What does the variable 'h' represent in the GPE equation?

  'h' represents height in meters
• What does an increase in gravitational potential energy indicate?

  It indicates an increase in height
• How is elastic potential energy calculated?

  Elastic potential energy is $e =$$\frac{1}{2} k e^2$
• What does specific heat capacity (SHC) measure?

  SHC measures energy needed to raise temperature
• What is the equation for change in thermal energy?

  Change in thermal energy is $e =$$mc\Delta T$
• What happens to particles as thermal energy increases?

  Particles move faster with increased thermal energy
• What is chemical potential energy?

  Energy stored in food or fuels
• What must happen for energy to be transferred in a system?

  Energy must transfer between objects or stores
• What is a closed system?

  A system with no energy loss to surroundings
• What happens to gravitational potential energy (GPE) as an object falls?

  GPE is converted into kinetic energy
• How can we find the speed of an object using GPE and kinetic energy?

  By equating GPE lost to kinetic energy gained
• What is the relationship between gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy at the bottom of a fall?

  GPE lost equals kinetic energy gained
• What is work in the context of energy?

  Work is energy used to overcome resistance
• How can we find specific heat capacity practically?

  By heating a material and measuring temperature change
• What is the unit for power?

  Watts (W)
• How is efficiency calculated?

  Efficiency is useful energy out divided by total energy in
• What does an efficiency of 0.6 mean in percentage?

  It means 60% efficient
• What happens to energy in poorly insulated buildings?

  Energy is lost as heat to surroundings
• What are finite energy sources?

  Sources that cannot be replenished once used
• What is electricity defined as?

  Flow of charge, typically electrons
• What is the role of a battery in a circuit?

  A battery provides chemical potential energy
• What is the symbol for current?

  Capital 'I'
• How is potential difference (PD) measured?

  PD is measured with a voltmeter
• What does a voltmeter measure?

  It measures potential difference in volts
• What does a current of 1 amp represent?

  1 coulomb of charge per second
• What is Ohm's Law?

  Voltage equals current times resistance
• What is the unit for resistance?

  Ohms (Ω)
• What does a straight line on an IV graph indicate?

  Constant resistance in the component
• How does the resistance of a bulb differ from a resistor in an IV graph?

  A bulb shows a curved graph indicating changing resistance
• What is the relationship between PD and current in a resistor?

  They are directly proportional.
• What does a straight line graph of PD and current indicate?

  It shows constant resistance in a resistor.
• What happens to the graph if the battery is reversed?

  Negative values for both, still a straight line.
• What does the gradient of the line in a V-I graph represent?

  It shows the resistance of the resistor.