INFECTION AND RESPONSE

• What are the four types of pathogens that cause communicable diseases?

  Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protists
• How do pathogens reproduce in the body?

  They reproduce inside the host's body
• Why can't viruses reproduce by themselves?

  They require a host cell to replicate
• What is a virus composed of?

  A protein casing surrounding genetic code
• What happens to a cell when it is infected by a virus?

  The cell produces more virus copies and explodes
• What disease is caused by the measles virus?

  Measles
• How is measles spread?

  By droplets from sneezes or coughs
• What does HIV stand for?

  Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• What does HIV compromise in the body?

  The immune system
• What is another name for HIV?

  AIDS
• How can HIV be spread?

  By sharing needles or sexual contact
• How do bacteria damage body cells?

  By releasing toxins
• What does gonorrhea cause?

  A yellow discharge from the genitalia
• What is malaria caused by?

  A protist that burrows into red blood cells
• How is malaria spread?

  By mosquitoes
• What is a vector in disease transmission?

  An organism that spreads disease
• What is rose black spot?

  A fungal infection in plants
• How can rose black spot be treated?

  With fungicides
• What does the tobacco mosaic virus affect?

  Plants, causing leaf discoloration
• How does the body protect itself from pathogens?

  Through barriers like skin and mucus
• What is the first barrier to pathogens entering the body?

  Skin
• What role do white blood cells play in the immune system?

  They combat pathogens and produce antibodies
• What are lymphocytes?

  A type of white blood cell
• What do lymphocytes produce to neutralize toxins?

  Antitoxins
• How do antibodies function?

  They stick to antigens and neutralize pathogens
• What happens if pathogens are unknown to the immune system?

  Lymphocytes create various antibodies until one fits
• What is immunity?

  The body's ability to resist infection
• What is a vaccine?

  A dead or inert version of a pathogen
• How does the flu vaccine work?

  It exposes the immune system to a damaged virus
• What is the purpose of the COVID-19 vaccine?

  To trick cells into producing part of the virus
• What do antibiotics kill?

  Bacteria
• What was the first antibiotic discovered?

  Penicillin
• Why are antibiotics designed to be specific?

  To avoid damaging good bacteria and cells
• What happens as bacteria mutate?

  They can become resistant to antibiotics
• From what are drugs like aspirin and penicillin derived?

  Plants and other organisms
• What is the purpose of drug trials?

  To check effectiveness and side effects
• What is a placebo?

  A sugar pill given to a control group
• What is a blind trial?

  Participants do not know what they receive
• What is a double-blind trial?

  Neither participants nor researchers know
• What are monoclonal antibodies?

  Antibodies made from cloned cells