iasm vitamins concentration camp

• Fat-soluble vitamins are soluble in lipid-based solvents like lipoproteins, while water-soluble vitamins are soluble in water-based solvents.
• Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed with lipids, while water-soluble vitamins are absorbed through simple absorption.
• Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver, while water-soluble vitamins are not stored.
• Haemochromatosis can result in hepatic cirrhosis (hardening) in the liver.
• Haemochromatosis can lead to hypogonadism (decreased activity of the gonads) and infertility.
• Haemochromatosis can lead to cardiomyopathy (disease affecting heart muscle) and cardiac failure in the heart.
• Haemochromatosis (iron toxicity) can cause impaired growth in the pituitary.
• Haemochromatosis can cause diabetes mellitus in the pancreas.
• Fat-soluble vitamins are not easily excreted, while water-soluble vitamins are excreted.
• Excess intake of fat-soluble vitamins is usually toxic, while excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is non-toxic.
• Deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins manifests slowly, while deficiency of water-soluble vitamins manifests rapidly.
• Treatment for fat-soluble vitamin deficiency usually requires regular dietary supply, while treatment for water-soluble vitamin deficiency may involve a single large bolus.
• Vitamin A (Retinol) is essential for the health of specialized tissues like the retina, skin, and mucous membranes, as well as gene-to-gene communication, immune function, and antioxidant activity.
• Vitamin D (Calciferol) promotes calcium and phosphorus absorption, increases phosphorus reabsorption in kidneys, and acts on bone to release calcium and phosphorus
• Iron is required for the synthesis and activity of proteins involved in the transport and metabolism of oxygen, and is involved in the structure of the electron transport chain
• PLP contributes to gluconeogenesis and synthesis of neurotransmitter GABA
• Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) acts as an antioxidant, aids in the formation of red blood cells, and aids in vitamin K function
• Vitamin K (Phylloquinone) is essential in the blood coagulation cascade, prevents vessel mineralization, and aids in bone metabolism
• Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) is central in folate metabolism, aids in the formation of red blood cells, and is integral in the synthesis of succinyl-coA
• Vitamin B9 (Folate) aids in the production of red blood cells, synthesis of DNA, and tissue growth and cell functions
• Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) maintains connective tissue, promotes the immune system, aids in iron absorption, and acts as an antioxidant
• Hepcidin is a key regulator for releasing iron into circulation, and macrophages and enterocytes can release iron to the plasma through ferroportin-mediated transporter
• Vitamin A deficiency can lead to xerophthalmia, which includes symptoms like night blindness, conjunctival xerosis, Bitot's spots, corneal xerosis, ulcers on the cornea, and keratomalacia.
• Vitamin B complex vitamins (B2, B6, B9, B12) act as cofactors or precursors of cofactors in various metabolic pathways, including one-carbon metabolism.
• One-carbon metabolism involves cycles and pathways that contribute to DNA synthesis, methylation, and transsulfuration, with vitamins B9 (folate) and B12 (cobalamin) playing key roles.
• Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) promotes healthy growth and tissue repair, aids in energy release from carbohydrates, and is a precursor of electron carriers FAD and FMN.
• Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) maintains healthy brain function, aids in red blood cell formation, supports protein conversion, and is essential for over 100 enzymes in protein metabolism through its derivative PLP.
• vitamin A is essential for the formation of visual purple in retina
• vitamin A initiates formation of keratin → promotes development of teeth, soft and skeletal tissue
• Fat Soluble Vitamin deficiency diseases

  1. A - night blindness, keratomalacia, abnormal pregnancy, growth retardation, slower wound healing
  2. D - rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults
  3. E - haemolytic anaemia, neurological and neuromuscular dysfunction, retinopathy
  4. K - defective blood clotting
• Retinol is from animal while b-carotene is from plant
• • Retinoic acid can activate transcription factor for cellular differentiation, which is related to adaptive immunity process and affecting bone formation
• Keratomalacia (cornea becomes soft)

  • The cornea is cloudy and soft like jelly. Rare.
  • High risk of permanent sight loss if untreated.
• Bitot’s spot - White foamy patches on the conjunctiva
• Xerophthalmia - Dry eyes due to lack of tears
• Conjunctival xerosis (dryness) - The conjunctiva looks dry and slightly rough instead of smooth and shiny.
• • Night blindness (nyctalopia) - In ability to see in dim nightOften occurs in the later part of pregnancy
• Diet → retinol / beta carotene → retinal → retinoic acid

  • beta carotene functions as an antioxidant
  • Retinal is used to produce the visual pigment rhodopsin
  • Retinoic acid contributes to the proper differentiation of epithelial cells –
  • Oral isotretinoin (synthetic) used to treat severe acne but is teratogenic – disrupt development of embryo or fetus during pregnancy
• Vitamin A and Night blindness

  • Retinal produces rhodopsin
  • Rhodopsin found in the rod cells of the retina
  • Rhodopsin is exposed to light → leads to conformational change and elicits nerve impulses perceived by the brain as light
  • Rod cells responsible for vision in poor light
• Vitamin A and Cell differentiation

  Retinoic acid is a nuclear hormone that binds to transcription factors (DNA binding receptors)

  Influence the transcription of specific genes

  Eg: Growth, differentiation, and proliferation of cells; in embryonic development and organogenesis; and in the maintenance of epithelial cells