VO 1 Biochemie

• The heat released during hydrolysis is equal to the energy stored in the high-energy covalent bonds between inorganic phosphate and a glucose molecule.
• Coupling mechanisms require enzymes and are fundamental for all energy transactions in the cell.
• The activated glucose molecule absorbs enough energy to drive a chemical reaction elsewhere in the cell.
• Entropy is a measure of "disorder".
• On the other hand, if a system is highly ordered, the value of entropy is small.
• If there is a high level of disorder, the value of entropy is large.
• Clausius introduced a new quantity in thermodynamics called entropy (S) to describe the state of a system.
• A polypeptide is a polymer with peptide bonds between multiple amino acids
• Polypeptide chains can vary in size, ranging from a few amino acid residues to thousands
• Each polypeptide has a unique linear amino acid sequence and a derived structure
• Proteins are made up of 20 different amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
• Enzymes couple the hydrolysis of ATP to the production of phosphorylated glucose
• Enzymes are highly effective catalysts and can accelerate reactions by a factor of 10^14
• Gibbs free energy is the difference between the enthalpy and the product of temperature and entropy
• Living systems capture energy through coupled reactions
• Enzymes play a role in coupling energetically favorable and unfavorable reactions
• Hydrolysis is the breaking of a chemical bond between two molecules using a water molecule.
• Heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance.
• Cellulose and chitin are examples of biological molecules.
• Das “zentrale Dogma der Molekularbiologie”: DNA –> RNA –> Protein
• Benedict’s test is a biochemical test used to test for reducing sugars.
• Reaktion mit Enzym stabilisiert den Übergangszustand: A reaction that occurs with the presence of an enzyme, which stabilizes the transition state
• Reaktion ohne Enzym: A reaction that occurs without the presence of an enzyme
• Entropy (S) is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system.
• Enzymes cannot violate the laws of thermodynamics and therefore cannot affect the equilibrium of a chemical reaction.
• The chemical equilibrium is determined solely by the difference in free energy (ΔG) between the reactants and the products.
• Enzymes do not affect the sign (ΔG = - or +) or the change in free energy (ΔG) (Gibbs energy).
• The amount of product formed is the same with or without the enzyme, but without the enzyme, it would take much longer.
• Enzymes accelerate the establishment of equilibrium but do not influence its position.
• Makromoleküle bestehen aus wenigen einfachen Verbindungen.
• Makromoleküle sind die Baumaterialien einer Zelle und verleihen den Lebewesen ihre besonderen Eigenschaften.
• Die Spaltung von Makromolekülen erfolgt durch Hydrolyse.
• Die Kondensation von Molekülen erfolgt durch Dehydrierung.
• Kohlenhydrate, Proteine und Nukleinsäuren sind die wichtigsten Makromoleküle in lebenden Zellen.
• Der Inhalt des vergrößerten Ausschnitts ist um den Faktor 10 Millionen vergrößert und enthält Wasser und andere kleine Moleküle.
• Lebewesen bestehen aus abiotischen Molekülen und gehorchen allen physikalischen und chemischen Gesetzen, die das Verhalten der unbelebten Materie beschreiben.
• In einer Kondensationsreaktion wird pro angehängtem Baustein ein Molekül Wasser abgespalten.
• Dehydratisierende Kondensation: Eine Kondensationsreaktion, bei der zwei Monomere unter Abspaltung eines Wassermoleküls miteinander verbunden werden.
• Jedes Polymer wächst durch die Addition eines Monomers an das Ende der wachsenden Polymerkette.
• Hydrolyse ist die Umkehrung der Kondensation, also die Bindungsspaltung durch eine Reaktion mit Wasser.