LAQ

• What type of molecule is glycogen?

  Branched polysaccharide
• What are the monomers that compose glycogen?

  α-glucose monomers
• What type of bonds link the monomers in glycogen?

  α-1,4 glycosidic bonds
• How are branches formed in glycogen's structure?

  By α-1,6 glycosidic bonds
• How does the branched structure of glycogen benefit its function?

  It provides a large surface area for rapid enzyme action
• Why is glycogen's compact structure important?

  It enables efficient storage of glucose
• How does glycogen's insolubility in water affect cells?

  It prevents affecting the osmotic balance
• What is the significance of glycogen's rapid hydrolysis?

  It makes glycogen an ideal short-term energy store
• In which types of cells is glycogen primarily stored?

  Muscle and liver cells
• Why is glycogen important during fluctuating energy demands?

  It allows quick breakdown into glucose for energy
• What is the wall structure of capillaries made of?

  Single layer of endothelial cells
• How does the thin wall of capillaries facilitate substance exchange?

  It minimizes diffusion distance for rapid exchange
• Why is the small diameter of capillaries important for red blood cells?

  It allows red blood cells to pass in single file
• What is the effect of red blood cells passing through capillaries in single file?

  It maximizes time for diffusion and gas exchange
• What do the walls of capillaries contain that aids in substance movement?

  Small pores or fenestrations
• What is the function of the small pores in capillary walls?

  They allow movement of water, ions, and small molecules
• How does the extensive branching network of capillaries enhance substance exchange?

  It increases surface area for better diffusion
• Why is it important for all cells in tissues to be close to a capillary?

  It enhances diffusion of oxygen and glucose
• Where is tissue fluid formed in the circulatory system?

  At the arteriole end of a capillary bed
• What causes tissue fluid to form at the capillary bed?

  High hydrostatic pressure forces fluids out
• What substances are forced out of capillaries into surrounding tissues?

  Water, oxygen, and dissolved nutrients
• Why do large plasma proteins remain in the blood?

  They are too large to pass through capillary membranes
• How do plasma proteins affect water potential in capillaries?

  They maintain a lower water potential in capillaries
• What happens to hydrostatic pressure at the venule end of the capillary bed?

  It is lower than at the arteriole end
• What causes some water to re-enter the capillaries at the venule end?

  Higher osmotic pressure due to plasma proteins
• What process allows water to re-enter the capillaries?

  Osmosis
• What happens to excess tissue fluid?

  It drains into the lymphatic system
• What is the role of the lymphatic system in tissue fluid balance?

  It helps maintain tissue fluid balance and prevents edema
• How is excess tissue fluid returned to the circulatory system?

  Via the subclavian vein
• What are the steps involved in the formation and return of tissue fluid?

  • Tissue fluid forms at arteriole end due to high hydrostatic pressure
  • Water, oxygen, and nutrients exit capillaries
  • Large plasma proteins remain in blood, maintaining lower water potential
  • At venule end, lower hydrostatic pressure and higher osmotic pressure cause water re-entry
  • Excess fluid drains into lymphatic system
  • Fluid returns to circulatory system via subclavian vein
  • Maintains tissue fluid balance and prevents edema
• What vessel does a red blood cell leave the kidney through?

  Renal vein
• What does the inferior vena cava do?

  It carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart
• After the inferior vena cava, where does the red blood cell go next?

  Right atrium
• How does blood move from the right atrium to the right ventricle?

  Through the tricuspid valve
• What happens when the right ventricle contracts?

  It pumps blood through the pulmonary artery
• What valve does blood pass through when leaving the right ventricle?

  Pulmonary valve
• What is the role of the pulmonary artery?

  It carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
• Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

  In the capillaries surrounding the alveoli
• What happens to oxygen in the lungs?

  It diffuses into the red blood cells
• What does oxygen bind to in red blood cells?

  Hemoglobin