Science

• Covalent bonding occurs when atoms share electrons, with non-metals being the only participants.
• There are two types of covalent bonding: simple covalent, which involves small molecules like CH4, H2O, CO2, and giant covalent, which involves thousands of atoms joined together.
• Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons, with both metals and non-metals participating.
• Examples of metallic substances include magnesium, calcium, aluminium, copper, sodium, and iron.
• Metals and non-metals form ionic bonds.
• The attraction between the positive ions and the electrons in a metallic bond is strong electrostatic attraction.
• Metallic bonding occurs only within metals, where metal atoms lose electrons out of their outer shell, forming positive ions, and the electrons they lose become delocalized, floating around in a sea of delocalized electrons.
• Sodium chloride is the only compound that has both a metal and a non-metal present, making it ionic.
• An ionic bond is a strong electrostatic attraction between positive ions and negative ions, often seen in giant ionic lattices like calcium chloride, magnesium oxide, and aluminium bromide.
• Metallic bonding occurs only within metals, with non-metals never being involved.
• Covalent bonding happens only in non-metals, with metals never being involved.
• Covalent bonding occurs when two non-metal atoms or more than two share a pair of electrons.
• Covalent bonding is a shared pair of electrons that join two atoms together, making it a very strong bond.
• Covalent bonding can occur between elements that are non-metals, either two atoms of the same element or different elements.