Creoles and crossing

• When did large-scale Caribbean immigration to the UK begin?

  Late 1940s
• What variety of English developed among second- and third-generation Caribbean speakers in the UK?

  London Jamaican
• How long had English been part of the Caribbean's linguistic heritage before the 1940s?

  Over 500 years
• What historical events are tied to the Caribbean's use of English?

  Slave and liberation struggles
• What languages influenced the Creole spoken by many Jamaicans?

  English and West African languages
• How did the language of younger Caribbean speakers in the UK differ from their parents'?

  They developed a more mixed form of language
• What social interactions influenced language changes among Jamaican-English young people in the UK?

  Contact with white working-class peers
• What is 'crossing' in the context of language use among young speakers?

  Shifting between language styles based on peers
• How did some young white speakers adapt their language around black friends?

  They shifted to a Jamaican English lexis
• What cultural changes arose from the cross-cultural mixing of languages?

  Significant changes in youth culture and language
• How was Creole perceived among young people during this time?

  As cool, tough, and good to use
• Who noted the perception of Creole among young people?

  Ben Rampton
• What did Roger Hewitt identify in the 1980s regarding language use?

  A style called 'Black Cockney'
• What shift did John Pitts observe among young black English speakers?

  A move towards a resistance identity through language
• What does the role of language express according to the text?

  Identity beyond birthplace and skin color
• What type of research looks at super-standard forms of English?

  Research into non-standard forms
• Who studied the language of 'white nerds' distancing from peers?

  Bucholtz
• What was the purpose of 'white nerds' adopting their language style?

  To distance themselves from cooler peers