micropara3

    Cards (26)

    • What is the main objective of the lesson in Chapter 3?
      Distinguish bacterial shapes and structures
    • Why is the classification of bacteria important?
      It distinguishes organisms and groups similar ones
    • What are the two main types of prokaryotic organisms?
      Bacteria and Archaea
    • What is the principal component of the bacterial cell wall?
      Peptidoglycan
    • What is the structure of the cell wall in gram-positive bacteria?
      Multilayered
    • What is the structure of the cell wall in gram-negative bacteria?
      Single-layered
    • What are teichoic acids?
      Acidic polymers in gram-positive bacteria
    • What is the function of lipoprotein in gram-negative bacteria?
      Anchors outer membrane to peptidoglycan
    • What is unique about the cell wall of acid-fast bacteria?
      It is lipid-rich and hydrophobic
    • What is the innermost layer of the bacterial cell envelope?
      Cytoplasmic membrane
    • What are the fundamental shapes of bacteria classified by Ferdinand Cohn?
      Cocci, Bacilli, Vibrio, Spirilla
    • What shape are bacilli bacteria?
      Rod-shaped or cylindrical
    • What are the types of cocci bacteria?
      • Monococcus: Example - Micrococcus flavus
      • Diplococcus: Example - Diplococcus pneumonia
      • Streptococcus: Example - Streptococcus pyogenes
      • Tetracoccus: Example - Gaffkya tetragena
      • Staphylococcus: Example - Staphylococcus aureus
      • Sarcina: Example - Sarcina lutea
    • What is the shape of vibrio bacteria?
      Curved or comma-shaped
    • What is the shape of spirilla bacteria?
      Spiral or spring-like
    • What are actinomycetes?
      Branching filamentous bacteria resembling rays
    • What are mycoplasmas?
      Bacteria that are cell wall deficient
    • How are bacteria classified based on flagella?
      1. Atrichous: No flagella (Example: Corynebacterium diptherae)
      2. Monotrichous: One flagellum (Example: Vibro cholerae)
      3. Lophotrichous: Bunch of flagella at one end (Example: Pseudomonas)
      4. Amphitrichous: Flagella at both ends (Example: Rhodospirillum rubrum)
      5. Peritrichous: Flagella surrounding the cell (Example: Bacillus)
    • What are the modes of nutrition for bacteria?
      1. Phototrophs: Gain energy from light
      • Photolithotrophs: Use inorganic compounds
      • Photoorganotrophs: Use organic compounds
      1. Chemotrophs: Gain energy from chemical compounds
      • Chemolithotrophs: Use inorganic compounds
      • Chemoorganotrophs: Use organic compounds
      1. Autotrophs: Use CO2 as carbon source
      • Photoautotrophs: Use light
      • Chemoautotrophs: Use chemical energy
      1. Heterotrophs: Use organic compounds as carbon source
    • What are the classifications of bacteria based on temperature requirements?
      1. Psychrophiles: Grow at 0°C or below
      2. Psychrotrophs: Grow at 0°C, optimum 20-30°C
      3. Mesophiles: Grow best at 25-40°C, optimum 37°C
      4. Thermophiles: Grow above 45°C
      5. Hyperthermophiles: Optimum above 80°C
    • What are the classifications of bacteria based on oxygen requirements?
      1. Obligate Aerobes: Require oxygen (Example: Pseudomonas)
      2. Facultative Anaerobes: Can grow with or without oxygen (Example: E. coli)
      3. Obligate Anaerobes: Cannot use oxygen (Example: Clostridium)
      4. Aerotolerant Anaerobes: Tolerate oxygen (Example: Lactobacillus)
      5. Microaerophiles: Require low concentrations of oxygen (Example: Campylobacter)
    • What are the classifications of bacteria based on pH of growth?
      1. Acidophiles: Grow best at acidic pH (Examples: Thiobacillus)
      2. Alkaliphiles: Grow best at alkaline pH (Example: Vibrio cholerae)
      3. Neutrophiles: Grow best at neutral pH (Example: E. coli)
    • What is the optimum pH for Vibrio cholerae?
      8.2
    • What is the optimum temperature for mesophilic bacteria?
      37°C
    • What type of bacteria are most human pathogens?
      Mesophilic
    • What is the characteristic of fastidious heterotrophs?
      Require special nutrients for growth
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