3Q BIO EXAM

• The neutral pH of blood is 7
• Masticates - chewing
• The main stages of the digestive system are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
• Chemical digestion involves enzymes
• Ingestion - eating
• Digestion - breaking down of food into soluble molecules (deals with smaller molecules)
• Absorption is the uptake of nutrients by body cells
• Cellulose cannot be digested
• Defaction/Elimination - passage of undigested material out of the digestive compartment
• The first 3 stages of digestion happens in the mouth. Salivary glands deliver saliva to lubricate food, then teeth chew food into small particles, then the tongue shapes food into a bolus
• The bolus travels to the pharynx then the esophagus conducts food from the pharynx down to the stomach (4th then 5th step)
• The colon of the large intestine functions to reabsorb water and recover water that has entered the alimentary canal (10th step of digestion system)
• Pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and small intenstine are accessory organs or glands
• The liver can repair itself
• Fiber helps feces take shape
• Malnourishment is when there is a long term absence from the diet of one or more essential nutrients or improper digestion of nutrients
• The epiglottis makes sure that the food goes to the esophagus
• Not all amino acids (especially essential) we can digest on our own
• Peristalsis occurs when the esophagus conducts food from the pharynx down to the stomach
• An open sore inside the lining of the stomach and upper portions of one's small intestine is called ulcer
• Ulcer is caused by H. Pylori bacteria (unsanitized food)
• Liver Cirrhosis is when the liver cells are scarred (fibrosis)
• Liver Cirrhosis is caused by Hepatitis and chronic alcoholism
• The common age for liver cirrhosis is 45-55 years old
• Diarrhea is loose, watery, and more frequent bowel movements
• Dehydration causes diarrhea, there is water in the stool.
• Eating fiber-rich foods help shape your feces
• Constipation occurs when bowel movements are less frequent
• The main organ of the excretory system is the kidney
• The kidneys filter blood
• The excretory system removes toxins, wastes, from the body, regulates the amount of fluid and salts, and maintains the pH of blood
• Homeostatis = maintains balance
• Urea is the main organic compound found in urine
• Urea contains the excess proteins or ammonia we ate
• Liver converts ammonia to the less toxic area
• The circulatory system carries urea to the kidneys to be excreted
• The normal human has 2 million filtering units, also known as nephrons in each kidney
• Nephrons clean the blood and produce urine'
• Unfiltered blood passes through the renal artery
• Filtered blood passes through the renal vein