demography

• Personal Life Perspective: Smart and May suggest that although we have family diversity, Post Modernism exaggerates the 'endless' choice we possess.
• Confluent Love: Giddens suggests that love is 'Active and causal love rather than 'forever' notions of romantic love.
• Many immigrants who come to the UK are of working age and can contribute to the tax system, which can help support the elderly who are currently being treated poorly due to negative attitudes and discrimination.
• Post Modernism: We live in a world of family diversity where we have endless choice, according to Stacey.
• Neo Conventional Family: Chester recognises that diversity is a good thing but notes that the nuclear family has changed to be more equal and companionate.
• Modernity: The concept explains that as we moved to industrialisation in 1750, we became more rational, scientific and bureaucratic.
• Those in work will have to pay higher taxes due to a changing birth rate or falling death rate.
• This could create disincentives to work and for firms to invest, therefore there could be a fall in productivity growth due to a changing birth rate or falling death rate.
• More schools will need to be built in the next 5 years to accommodate an increase in birth rate due to a changing birth rate or falling death rate.
• Rising populations have a real impact on the environment due to a changing birth rate or falling death rate.
• We will need to build more sheltered housing and nursing homes due to a changing birth rate or falling death rate.
• There will be more people claiming benefits such as state pensions and less people working and paying income taxes due to a changing birth rate or falling death rate.
• Due to the high costs of pensions, the age at which we receive a pension will need to be raised due to a changing birth rate or falling death rate.
• Increased government spending on health care and pensions is a consequence of a changing birth rate or falling death rate.
• There is a real concern that pension contributions will need to be increased as we live longer due to a changing birth rate or falling death rate.
• Spending will have to increase dramatically on health care in the UK, as on average the costs of NHS treatment dramatically increase as we near death due to a changing birth rate or falling death rate.
• A shortage of midwives in the UK, and a need for them to be able to speak Polish due to a changing birth rate or falling death rate.
• Children may be seen as merely 'socialisation projects' for adults to mould, shape and develop, of no interest in themselves, but only for what they will become in the future.
• The area in which children are able to travel alone sees the state and the family as important institutions in the successful upbringing of children, for they argue that children are under constant threat from adults and the liberal ideas of adult society.
• Although we may be influenced by our parents and guardians, we too influence them.
• We are a product of our interactions with those around us and this is not a single process but a bi-lateral one.
• Childhood is seen as a clear and distinct life stage, and children in our society occupy a separate status from adults.
• An ageing population has led to a greater 'dependency culture', which the welfare state is unable to provide for, due to limited government spending.
• When the elderly move into the households of their families, creating an extended family, this means increased financial help for the family, and the grandparents may also offer childcare for the family, meaning less money needs to be spent on nursery places or women are no longer constrained to perform the expressive role, and are free to go out and work, which Feminists such as Oakley would be in favour of.
• State pensions may have to be cut meaning that the elderly may be unable to afford to remain in their household as a single person household and may have to look at their family for support.
• The government encourages elderly widows to leave their empty 5-bedroom houses to move either to care homes or with their families creating a bean pole family structure.
• An ageing population can increase the amount of nuclear families and lone parent families as it now means they are more able to quickly escape the patriarchal and oppressive sector according to Feminists.
• An ageing population could lead to policies that benefit the family.
• When the elderly move into the households of their families, creating an extended family, this means increased financial help for the family and the grandparents may offer childcare, reducing the need for nursery places or enabling women to work, which Feminists such as Oakley would be in favour of.
• Concepts and issues such as secularisation, rise of feminism, attitude to careers, confluent love, declining stigma, higher expectations of marriage, remarriage, welfare provision, the ideology of romantic love, privatisation of nuclear families, legislation, individualisation, life expectancy, domestic division of labour, fluctuations/recent decline may appear in the analysis and evaluation.
• Sources may include Abbott and Wallace, Allan and Crow, Beck and Beck-Gernsheim, Chester, Dunscombe and Marsden, Fletcher, Gibson, Giddens, Goode, Hart, Hochschild, Morgan, Oakley, Parsons.
• The candidate will show the ability to organise material and to analyse and/or evaluate it explicitly so as to produce a coherent and relevant answer.
• Analysis and evaluation may be developed, for instance through comparing the relative importance of particular factors or by locating the debate between different perspectives (e.g feminism, New Right etc).
• The policy may increase the amount of nuclear families, but it may also increase lone parent families as it enables women to quickly escape the patriarchal and oppressive sector according to Feminists.
• The government encourages elderly widows to leave their empty 5-bedroom houses to move either to care homes or with their families, creating a bean pole family structure.
• Answers in the 19-24 band will show sound, conceptually detailed knowledge and understanding of sociological material on the reasons for the changes in the divorce rate since 1969.
• Answers in the 10-18 band will show reasonable knowledge and understanding and will show limited interpretation, application, analysis and/or evaluation.
• Answers in the 1-9 band will show limited knowledge and understanding and will show very limited interpretation, application, analysis or evaluation.
• Answers may examine a more limited range of material in the 10-18 band, and may be more detailed and complete, and/or may show a clear rationale in the organisation of material leading to a distinct conclusion in the 19-24 band.
• This policy frees up housing for the youth, enabling young new families to establish their families quicker than before.