PMT

Cards (49)

  • What is crude oil?
    A mixture of compounds from ancient biomass
  • Why is crude oil considered a finite resource?
    It cannot be replaced as it is used up
  • What is a hydrocarbon?
    A compound made of hydrogen and carbon
  • What are alkanes?
    Saturated hydrocarbons with formula CnH2n+2
  • What defines a homologous series?
    Compounds with same formula and properties
  • Describe the combustion of hydrocarbons.
    • Exothermic reaction with oxygen
    • Complete combustion: produces CO2 and water
    • Incomplete combustion: produces carbon or CO and water
  • Describe the physical properties of alkanes.
    • First few are gases, then liquids, then solids
    • Boiling points and viscosity increase with size
    • Volatility and flammability decrease with size
    • Generally poor reactivity
  • Explain how fractional distillation of crude oil takes place.
    • Crude oil is heated and vaporized
    • Vapor rises in a fractionating column
    • Column is hotter at the bottom, cooler at the top
    • Hydrocarbons condense at different heights
    • Large molecules collected at the bottom
    • Small molecules collected at the top
  • What is cracking?
    Thermal breakdown of large hydrocarbons
  • What type of reaction is cracking?
    Thermal decomposition
  • What are the conditions for cracking?
    Heated vapor over a catalyst or steam
  • How are the products of cracking used?
    • Products are alkanes and alkenes
    • Used as polymers
    • Serve as starting materials for synthesis
  • What is an alkene?
    Unsaturated hydrocarbon with a C=C bond
  • What is the general formula for alkenes?
    CnH2n
  • What is the test for alkenes?
    Add bromine water; color changes to colorless
  • Describe the combustion of alkenes.
    • Alkenes burn with smoky flames
    • This is due to incomplete combustion
  • Describe addition reactions of alkenes.
    • Atoms add across the C=C double bond
    • Hydrogenation: requires nickel catalyst and heat
    • Hydration: requires high temperature, pressure, and phosphoric acid
    • Addition of halogens: Br2/Cl2/I2
  • What is an alcohol?
    Organic compound with an -OH functional group
  • State characteristics of methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol.
    • Dissolve in water to form neutral solutions
    • React with sodium to produce hydrogen
    • Burn in oxygen
    • React with carboxylic acids to form esters
  • What does oxidation of alcohols lead to?
    Formation of carboxylic acids
  • What are some uses of alcohols?
    • Fuels
    • Solvents
    • Drinks
  • What are the conditions required for fermentation of glucose?
    • 30 degrees Celsius
    • Aqueous glucose solution
    • Absence of air
    • Yeast added
  • What is the equation for fermentation of glucose?
    C6H12O6 → 2 CH3CH2OH + 2 CO2
  • What are carboxylic acids?
    Organic compounds with a COOH functional group
  • State characteristics of carboxylic acids.
    • Dissolve in water to form acidic solutions
    • Contain H+ ions
    • React with metals
  • What are the conditions required for fermentation of glucose?
    30 degrees Celsius, aqueous glucose, absence of air, yeast
  • What is the equation for the fermentation of glucose?
    C6_6H12_{12}O6_6 → 2 CH3_3CH2_2OH + 2 CO2_2
  • What are carboxylic acids?
    Organic compounds containing a COOH functional group
  • What are the characteristics of carboxylic acids?
    • Dissolve in water to form acidic solutions
    • React with metal carbonates to produce CO2_2
    • React with alcohols to produce esters
    • React with metals to release hydrogen gas
  • What type of acid is a carboxylic acid?
    It is a weak acid
  • Why are carboxylic acids considered weak acids?
    They are partially dissociated in water
  • What is an ester and how is it formed?
    An organic compound with a -COO- group formed from carboxylic acid and alcohol
  • What is characteristic about esters?
    They have a fruity smell
  • What is a polymer?
    A long chain molecule made from smaller molecules
  • How do molecules containing C=C bonds form polymers?
    C=C bonds open up to join smaller molecules
  • What is the reaction called when forming addition polymers?
    It is called an addition polymerisation reaction
  • What is a repeating unit of a polymer?
    It is the smallest structure yielding the polymer
  • How do you draw the repeating unit of addition polymers?
    Change C=C to C-C and show additional bonds
  • What is a condensation polymer?
    A polymer made in condensation polymerisation
  • What happens during condensation polymerisation?
    Molecules join and release a small molecule