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Paper 2
7: Organic Chemistry
PMT
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Created by
Oskar Rejman
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Cards (49)
What is crude oil?
A mixture of
compounds
from
ancient biomass
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Why is crude oil considered a finite resource?
It cannot be
replaced
as it is used up
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What is a hydrocarbon?
A compound made of
hydrogen
and carbon
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What are alkanes?
Saturated
hydrocarbons with formula
CnH2n+2
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What defines a homologous series?
Compounds with same
formula
and
properties
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Describe the combustion of hydrocarbons.
Exothermic
reaction with oxygen
Complete combustion: produces
CO2
and water
Incomplete combustion: produces carbon or CO and water
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Describe the physical properties of alkanes.
First few are
gases
, then
liquids
, then
solids
Boiling points
and
viscosity
increase with size
Volatility and
flammability
decrease with size
Generally poor reactivity
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Explain how fractional distillation of crude oil takes place.
Crude oil is heated and vaporized
Vapor rises in a
fractionating column
Column is hotter at the bottom, cooler at the top
Hydrocarbons
condense
at different heights
Large
molecules collected at the bottom
Small
molecules collected at the top
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What is cracking?
Thermal
breakdown of large
hydrocarbons
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What type of reaction is cracking?
Thermal decomposition
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What are the conditions for cracking?
Heated vapor over a
catalyst
or steam
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How are the products of cracking used?
Products are
alkanes
and
alkenes
Used as
polymers
Serve as starting materials for
synthesis
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What is an alkene?
Unsaturated
hydrocarbon with a
C=C
bond
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What is the general formula for alkenes?
CnH2n
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What is the test for alkenes?
Add
bromine
water; color changes to
colorless
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Describe the combustion of alkenes.
Alkenes burn with
smoky
flames
This is due to
incomplete
combustion
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Describe addition reactions of alkenes.
Atoms add across the C=C
double bond
Hydrogenation: requires
nickel catalyst
and heat
Hydration: requires high temperature, pressure, and
phosphoric acid
Addition of halogens:
Br2/Cl2/I2
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What is an alcohol?
Organic compound with an -OH
functional group
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State characteristics of methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol.
Dissolve in water to form neutral solutions
React with sodium to produce hydrogen
Burn in oxygen
React with
carboxylic acids
to form
esters
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What does oxidation of alcohols lead to?
Formation of
carboxylic acids
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What are some uses of alcohols?
Fuels
Solvents
Drinks
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What are the conditions required for fermentation of glucose?
30
degrees Celsius
Aqueous
glucose solution
Absence
of
air
Yeast
added
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What is the equation for fermentation of glucose?
C6H12O6
→ 2
CH3CH2OH
+ 2
CO2
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What are carboxylic acids?
Organic compounds with a
COOH
functional group
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State characteristics of carboxylic acids.
Dissolve in water to form acidic solutions
Contain
H+
ions
React with
metals
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What are the conditions required for fermentation of glucose?
30 degrees Celsius,
aqueous
glucose,
absence
of air, yeast
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What is the equation for the fermentation of glucose?
C
6
_6
6
H
12
_{12}
12
O
6
_6
6
→ 2 CH
3
_3
3
CH
2
_2
2
OH + 2 CO
2
_2
2
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What are carboxylic acids?
Organic compounds containing a
COOH
functional
group
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What are the characteristics of carboxylic acids?
Dissolve in water to form acidic solutions
React with
metal carbonates
to produce CO
2
_2
2
React with
alcohols
to produce
esters
React with
metals
to release
hydrogen gas
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What type of acid is a carboxylic acid?
It is a
weak acid
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Why are carboxylic acids considered weak acids?
They are partially
dissociated
in water
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What is an ester and how is it formed?
An organic compound with a -
COO-
group formed from
carboxylic acid
and
alcohol
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What is characteristic about esters?
They have a
fruity
smell
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What is a polymer?
A long
chain
molecule
made from smaller molecules
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How do molecules containing C=C bonds form polymers?
C=C bonds open up to
join smaller molecules
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What is the reaction called when forming addition polymers?
It is called an
addition polymerisation
reaction
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What is a repeating unit of a polymer?
It is the
smallest
structure yielding the polymer
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How do you draw the repeating unit of addition polymers?
Change
C=C
to
C-C
and show additional bonds
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What is a condensation polymer?
A polymer made in
condensation polymerisation
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What happens during condensation polymerisation?
Molecules
join and release a
small molecule
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