Variables

• What do researchers attempt to hold constant in experiments?

  Most variables
• What is the purpose of manipulating variables in an experiment?

  To measure changes in other variables
• What are the types of variables discussed in the video?

  • Independent variables
  • Dependent variables
  • Covariables
  • Extraneous variables
  • Confounding variables
• What do researchers measure in correlational studies?

  Covariables
• What indicates a positive relationship between covariables?

  Both covariables increase together
• What can researchers claim in correlational research?

  Covariables are associated
• What is the independent variable in an experiment?

  The manipulated variable
• If a researcher alters whether participants receive a drug or placebo, what is this variable called?

  Independent variable
• What is operationalization in research?

  Specifying how a variable is measured
• How might a researcher measure the effectiveness of anger management therapy?

  By using a hostility questionnaire score
• What can affect the measurement of the dependent variable?

  Other uncontrolled variables
• What happens if extraneous variables are not controlled?

  It affects the study's internal validity
• What are demand characteristics?

  Cues that suggest how to behave
• What are participant variables?

  Characteristics like age and gender
• What are situational variables?

  Environmental factors influencing performance
• What are order effects in repeated measures design?

  Practice or fatigue affecting performance
• What is a confounding variable?

  A variable that changes with the IV
• How can exhaustion act as a confounding variable?

  It varies systematically with the IV
• What is the purpose of controlling extraneous variables?

  To ensure valid results
• What is random allocation in research?

  Randomly assigning participants to groups
• What is a matched pairs design?

  Matching participants based on characteristics
• What is counterbalancing used for?

  To control for order effects
• What are standardized procedures in research?

  Consistent conditions for all participants
• What is a single-blind trial?

  Participants are unaware of the aim
• What is a double-blind trial?

  Both participants and researchers are unaware
• What is the purpose of pilot studies?

  To identify and correct extraneous variables
• What is peer review in research?

  Feedback from experts on a study
• What can happen after peer review?

  The study may need to be redone
• What are the benefits of using pilot studies?

  • Identify extraneous variables
  • Improve instructions and procedures
  • Ensure clarity in behavioral categories
  • Address potential participant issues
• What are the roles of patrons in supporting research methods education?

  • Provide funding for resources
  • Enable part-time teaching for creators
  • Support development of educational content