Inferential Testing

• What part of research methods do students often dread?

  Inferential statistics
• Why are statistics questions valuable in exams?

  They offer high points for little writing
• What is the only statistical test students need to calculate for AQA?

  The sign test
• What do students need to know about the other seven tests?

  Only their names and when to use them
• What is the purpose of inferential statistics?

  • Generalizes results beyond the sample
  • Makes inferences about the target population
  • Assesses confidence in data supporting inferences
• What is the significance level for results to be considered significant?

  p is less than 0.05
• What do researchers use to determine if results are significant?

  Statistical tests
• What is a 'stem' in a statistics question?

  A scenario outlining a piece of research
• What are the types of experimental designs mentioned?

  • Independent groups design
  • Repeated measures design
  • Matched pairs design
• What type of data is collected in independent groups design?

  Independent data
• How is data from matched pairs design treated?

  As related data
• What are the levels of measurement in statistics?

  • Nominal data
  • Ordinal data
  • Interval data
  • Ratio data (treated as interval)
• What is the first step in determining which statistical test to use?

  Identify if the study is a correlation or test of difference
• What indicates a correlation in a research study?

  Words like correlation, relationship, or association
• What does a test of difference mean in research?

  Testing for a difference in the dependent variable
• What is the mnemonic for remembering statistical tests?

  Space weather really contains many UFOs chasing small pigs
• What are the statistical tests mentioned in the video?

  • Sign test
  • Wilcoxon
  • Related t-test
  • Chi-squared
  • Mann-Whitney
  • Unrelated t-test
  • Spearman's rho
  • Pearson's correlation
• How do you determine which statistical test to use based on the data?

  By the dependent variable's level of measurement
• What should you do to justify your choice of statistical test?

  Provide reasons based on the study's design and data
• What is the significance of drawing a table in an exam?

  It helps quickly identify the correct statistical test
• What is the maximum number of marks for justifying a statistical test?

  Three marks
• What is the critical value used for in statistical tests?

  To determine if results are significant
• What is the formula for degrees of freedom?

  Number of rows minus one times number of columns minus one
• What is the only statistical test students are expected to calculate?

  The sign test
• How do you calculate the sign test?

  Subtract scores and record signs
• What does 'n' represent in the sign test?

  The number of participants with differences
• What does 's' represent in the sign test?

  The least frequent sign
• What must the calculated value of 's' be for data to be significant?

  It must be as few as possible
• What happens if the calculated value is greater than the critical value?

  The data is not significant
• What should you include in your answer to maximize marks?

  All steps taken to reach a conclusion
• What is the common significance level used in tests?

  0.05
• What is a one-tailed test?

  A direct hypothesis test
• What is a two-tailed test?

  A non-directional hypothesis test
• What must you do if the question specifies a 0.01 level?

  Follow the instructions given
• What is the relationship between sample size and significance?

  Larger samples can increase significance
• What is the role of the critical value table?

  To find critical values for significance testing
• What is the significance of the calculated value in relation to the critical value?

  It determines if the null hypothesis is accepted
• What is the first step in calculating the sign test?

  Subtract scores from each condition
• What does a negative sign indicate in the sign test?

  A decrease in scores from condition A to B
• What is the importance of the number of participants in the sign test?

  It affects the calculated value and significance