Elements of life

• Mass spectrometry


  Measures the atomic (or molecular) mass and abundance of different particles in the sample
• Shapes of orbitals

  • S = Spherical
  • P = Dumbbell
• Similarities vs differences in absorption and emition spectra

  Similarities: Differences:

  
  

  Bands in same position Absorption shows frequency that's

  Lines become closer together absorbed, emition shows

  at higher frequencies frequency of energy emitted
• Blue- S- block

  Light orange- d block

  Yellow, green, purple- p block

  Dark orange, red- f block

  
• Orbital- Region of space that electrons are most likely to be in
• Number of electrons in each shell

  First shell (n-1) 2 electrons

  Second shell (n-2) 8 electrons

  Third shell (n-3) 18 electrons

  Fourth shell (n-4) 32 electrons
• Number of electrons in each sub shell

  S = 2

  p = 6

  d= 10

  f = 14
• 4s comes after what shell?

  3p
• How a mass spectrometer works

  1. Vaporisation - the sample is turned into a gas using an eletrical heater
  2. Ionisation - gas particles bombarded with high energy electrons to leave positive ions
  3. Acceleration - accelerated by an electric field
  4. Detection
• First ionisation enthalpy - The energy needed to remove 1 electron from each atom in 1 mole of gaseous atoms to form 1 mole of gaseous 1+ ions.
• Volume of gas(cm^3) = moles x 24dm^3
• cm^3 - dm^3 = divide by 1000