culture bias

• What does universality refer to in psychology?

  Behaviours are the same in all cultures
• What is culture bias?

  Interpreting phenomena through one culture's lens
• What is cultural relativism?

  Behaviour understood in the context of culture
• What does appreciating cultural variation involve?

  Recognizing that behaviours differ between cultures
• What are the implications of universality and bias in psychological research?

  • Dominance of male perspectives
  • 68% of research participants from the US
  • 96% from industrialized nations
  • 80% were psychology undergraduates
• What does WEIRD stand for in psychological research?

  Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic
• What happens if norms are set by WEIRD people?

  Non-western behaviours seen as abnormal
• What does ethnocentrism refer to?

  Belief in the superiority of one's culture
• How was Ainsworth's strange situation criticized?

  It reflected Western cultural values
• What did Ainsworth's research suggest about ideal attachment?

  Moderate distress when separated from mother
• What distinction did John Berry make in cultural psychology?

  • Etic approach: Outside perspective, universal behaviours
  • Emic approach: Inside perspective, culture-specific behaviours
• What does Berry argue about imposed etic approaches?

  Psychology often assumes universality incorrectly
• How can psychologists avoid cultural bias in research?

  • Recognize cultural relativism
  • Understand findings within cultural contexts
  • Avoid assuming universality from single cultures