HESI- A2 A&P

• Transverse plane


  top and bottom

  
• Median plane


  Into right and left side

  
• Sagital Plane


  left and right of trunk

  
• coronal plane


  front and back only pertaining to torso area

  
• frontal plane


  front and back

  
• anatomic position

  
• superior


  above
• inferior


  below
• posterior


  back, toward the back, behind
• medial


  toward the midline
• lateral


  away from the midline or toward the sides
• proximal


  closer to a point of attachment
• distal


  further away from the point of attachment.
• dorsal cavity


  cranial and spinal cavities

  
• ventral cavity


  orbits, nasal, oral, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities

  
• histology


  the study of tissues
• 4 types of tissues


  epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve
• epithelial tissue


  cover, line and protect the body and internal organs
• connective tissue

  provides the framework support and structure.
• nerve tissue


  nerves and connective tissue cells called neurolgia
• muscle tissue

  voluntary(skeletal) and involuntary(smooth and cardiac)muscle
• Skin

  largest organ of the body. two layers epidermis: outermost protective layer. Dermis: layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and other skin structures.
• Skeletal system


  bone, cartilage, ligaments and joints. support movement, blood cell formation.
• axial skeleton

  consists of skull, vertebral column, 12 pairs of ribs, sternum.
• appendicular skeleton


  girdles and limbs
• muscular system


  produce movement. muscle contraction results from the sliding together of actin and myosin filaments
• what must be present in the cell for a muscle to contact

  calcium and ATP
• voluntary muscles


  aka: skeletal muscles. muscles that are under copious control.
• the functional unit of the nervous system


  nerve cells
• main parts of a neuron

  Body, axon and dendrites
• what do dendrites do?

  transmit the impulse toward the cell body
• what do axons do?

  transmit the impulse away from the cell body.
• what is the CNS comprised of?

  spinal cord and brain
• what is the PNS comprised of?

  all other neurons in the body
• sensory of afferent neurons


  transmit nerve impulses toward the CNS
• motor or efferent neurons


  neurons transmit nerve impulses away from the CNS toward the the effector organs
• major parts of the brain

  cerebrum(associated with movement and sensory input), cerebellum(responsible for muscular coordination) and the medulla oblongata(controls vital functions)
• what does the endocrine system do?

  helps the nervous system in homeostasis. Play an important role in growth and sexual maturation.
• What does the Hypothalamus govern?

  the pituitary gland. Which in turn is controlled by feedback hormones in the blood. Nicknamed the "Master gland"
• where are hormones during stress released and what do they do to the body?

  From the adrenal cortex, hypothalamus, posterior and anterior pituitary gland. Cortisol; reduces inflammation, raises blood sugar, and inhibits release of histamine.