History T.O.V

• what happened as a result of ww1

  - four years of war devastated many parts of Europe. Millions of soldiers on both sides were killed or injured
• Russian Revolution


  Bolsheviks took control of the government, exit war and pledged communism in order to destroy capitalism across the world
• Brest-Litovsk Treaty


  Germany had dealth with the Russians in the Treaty: took large amounts of land and 25% of the population
• Mood within countries in 1919

  Strong feeling that Germany should be held responsible for the war and should pay for the damage and destruction
• What did Woodrow Wilson draw up after the USA join the war in 1917

  The fourteen points
• Who was the President of the USA after World War I

  Woodrow Wilson
• What did Wilson want from TOV

  - 14 points (effectively states all the other points) -disarmament - league of nations -self-determination
• What were Wilson's ideas about Germany at the end of world war 1

  Woodrow Wilson's idea about Germany was to not be too harsh on them. He did believe the Germans should be punished but he was concerned about them Suddenly wanting revenge and extremist groups especially Communists might exploit German's resentment as well as possibly seize power in Germany as they did in Russia in 1917
• What did Woodrow Wilson want for Europe after World War I?

  Woodrow wanted to strengthen democracy in defeated countries so that people would not let the leaders cause another war
• What was needed for smaller countries that have been once part of the European empires in Woodrow's opinion ?

  Woodrow Wilson strongly believes that the different people of Eastern Europe like the Czechs and Slovaks should rule themselves rather than being part of Austria -Hungarian empire
• Why did Woodrow Wilson think that international cooperation was so important after World War I?

  Woodrow Wilson believe that nation should cooperate to achieve world peace and he thought that with his idea of the league of Nations would be the most important out of his 14 points policy and ideal
• What was the Paris peace conference that happened between 1919 to 1920?

  - The conference took place in the palace of Versailles

  - Lasted 12 months

  - where 32 nations were supposed to be represented but no one from defeated countries was invited

  - five treaties were drawn up

  - main treaty was the Treaty of Versailles

  - TOV dealt with Germany the most important decisions taken by Clemenceau, Lloyd George and Woodrow Wilson
• Who was the prime minister of Britain after WW1

  David Lloyd George
• What was David Lloyd George's demands at TOV?

  - 'make germany pay' - 'justice without revenge' - wanted a halfway point compremise between Wilson and Clemenceau - wanted to expand the British empire and maintain Britain's control of sea and trade

  - the economic revival of Europe and the German economy so trade would be re-established

  - reduce the threat of communism

  - a share of German colonies
• What were the actual terms of the Treaty

  - article 231 war guilt - reparations £6.6 billion - army limited to 100,000 - Germany lost 13% land, 10% population, 13.5% of economy

  - league of nations set up - Rhineland demilitarised - Anschluss forbidden
• What happened to Alsace-Lorraine

  Returned to France
• What happened to the Saar Basin

  Administered by the League of Nations for 15 years. Then a plebiscite would be held
• What happened to Danzig

  Taken from Germany and made free under League of Nations control - Polish corridor
• What happened to Estonia, Latvia and Lithiuania

  Set up as independent states
• What happened to German colonies

  Became mandates of the League of Nations, which effectively meant that meant Britain and France controlled them
• Who was the Prime minister of France at the time ?

  Georges Clemenceau
• What was the difference between Lloyd George and Clemenceau ?


  Clemenceau wastoughanduncompromisingunlike Lloyd George
• What did Clemenceau want

  - He wantedrevenge, and topunishthe Germans for what they had done.- He wanted tomake Germany payfor the damage done during the war.- He also wanted toweakenGermany, so France would never be invaded again.- Alsace-Loraine returned- Saar given to France- Rhineland to become an independent state
• Why was Clemenceau harsher on a treaty against Germany ??

  France had been invaded by France twice and brought much devastation
• Why were the British public insistent on a harsh treaty for Germany ?

  They had suffered 1 million + casualties as well as food shortages and hard ship as well as the way Germany treated Russia in 1918 stripping best agricultural land and 25% population
• What was Clemenceau's main aim ??

  To never have France vulnerable again
• What were Clemenceau's territorial aims [4]

  - Alsace-Lorraine had to be returned to France

  - He wanted some of Germany's colonies

  - The Saar Basin was to be given to France

  - He wanted the Rhineland to be an independent state to protect France from a German attack
• Why did the French want Germany to be treated severely

  -So that France wouldn't be invaded againGermany is on the French border, wanted the army limited to minimum and the Rhineland demilitarized so that the Germany weren't able to invade France again-Germany deserved to reap the consequencesGermany accepted the war guilt clause Article 231Had to pay reparations and lose territory as a result of their horrific war crimes
• What happened to France during the war

  - Enormous damage to land , industry and people

  - 2/3 of french army men were killed or injured and overall affected nearly the whole French generation
• How did the Treaty satisfy France

  - DMZ Rhineland secured the eastern frontier

  - Germany's economic power and military capacity reduced

  - Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France

  - Major recipient of reparations

  - Gained some German colonies
• What were France unsatisfied with

  - no independent Rhineland state

  - not harsh enough reparations

  - not given Saar Basin
• What was Wilson pleased with

  - League of Nations was included

  - Defeated nations should disarm

  - Rhineland remained part of Germany allowing a return of economic strength and trading opportunities
• What was Wilson unsatisfied with

  - overly harsh treaty

  - Britain, France and Japan had given them selves colonies

  - self - determination failed to apply in some areas

  - US congress didnt approve the treaties and League of Nations
• What was Lloyd George pleased with

  - persauded Clemenceau to moderate his approach towards Germany

  - extended the British empire

  - Germany would be able to contribute to future prosperity of Europe
• What was Lloyd George not pleased with

  - Lloyd George thought that the Treaty was too harsh, and that it would start another war in 25 years time.

  - Didnt approve of German speaking nations under the rule of other countries
• Why did Clemenceau and Wilson clash over many issues ?

  The USA had not suffered as badly as France in the war so Clemenceau resented Wilson's generous attitude towards Germany and they disagreed over what to do with Germany's Rhineland. In the end Wilson had to give up on his issues though Wilson did get what He wanted for Eastern Europe however they weren't keen on his ideas of self determination though this didn't affect Germnay.
• Why did Clemenceau clash with Lloyd George?

  These two strong Prime Minister's clashed because of course Lord George didn't want to treat Germany too harshly but Clemenceau said if the British were so anxious to appease Germany they should look overseas and make concessions. France was not very happy to allow Germany to keep its navy and colonies however Lloyd George knew this would be more of a threat to Britain.
• Why did Lloyd George and Clemenceau have to compromise at Paris Peace

  Paris Peace Conference was a series of talks for 12 months which established 5 treaties with most of the decisions negotiated by the big three, Clemenceau and Lloyd George, they had differing aims after WW1 and hence had to compromise on the outcomes.
• Why did Clemenceau have to compremise

  -Heavy influence of WilsonClemenceau wanted to completely cripple Germany economically, however, the influence of Woodrow Wilson meant he had to completely compromise to a middle ground which was effectively what Lloyd George wanted.- Wilson wanted to treat Germany fairly and not too harsh- Clemenceau wanted to punish

  -Didn't get his territorial demandshe had to give up the idea of the Rhineland becoming an independent state and the Saar Basin being given to France.- Saar was controlled by the League of Nations- Rhineland was only demilitarised.He would also have liked the reparations to have been much higher to completely cripple the German economy and the army to be limited to much less
• Lloyd Georges compremises


  - Lloyd George was not happy that some German-speaking areas were under the rule of other countries.

  - The reparations were higher than Lloyd George wanted.