• Alkene to Haloalkane


  Hydrogen Halide
• Alkene to Primary Alcohol

  Hydration reaction with H3PO4/H2O(steam)
• Alkene to Alkane


  H2 with Ni catalyst
• Alkane to Haloalkane


  Halogen with UV radiation
• Haloalkane to Nitrile


  NaCN (or KCN), reflux, ethanol
• Haloalkane to Amine


  Ethanol, NH3
• Nitrile to Amine


  Reduction with H2 and a Ni catalyst
• Nitrile to Carboxylic Acid

  Hydrolysis reaction with H2O/HCl, Heat
• Haloalkane to Alcohol


  NaOH (aq) under reflux
• Alcohol to Haloalkane


  Sodium Halide with H2SO4
• Alcohol to Alkene


  Concentrated H2SO4 (or conc. H3PO4), Heat
• Alcohol to Ester


  Esterification with carboxylic acid, conc. H2SO4 (or acid anhydride)
• Carboxylic Acid to Ester

  Esterification with alcohol, conc. H2SO4
• Ester to Carboxylic Acid

  Dilute acid (hydrolysis reaction), heat
• Ester to a carboxylate

  OH-, heat
• Primary Alcohol to Aldehyde

  Oxidation reaction with K2Cr2O7/H2SO4, under distillation.
• Primary Alcohol to Carboxylic Acid

  Oxidation reaction with K2Cr2O7/H2SO4, under reflux.
• Secondary Alcohol to Ketone

  Oxidation reaction with K2Cr2O7/H2SO4, under reflux.
• Aldehyde to Hydroxynitrile


  Nucleophilic addition with NaCN/H+
• Carboxylic Acid to Acyl Chloride

  SOCl2
• Acyl Chloride to Carboxylic Acid

  H2O
• Acyl Chloride to Ester

  Alcohol
• Acyl Chloride to Primary Amide

  NH3
• Acyl Chloride to Secondary Amide

  Primary amine
• Nitration of Benzene


  HNO3/H2SO4, reflux under 50 degrees C
• Alkylation of Benzene


  Haloalkane/AlCl3
• Acylation of Benzene


  CH3COCl/AlCl3
• Bromination of Benzene


  Br2/FeBr3 (or Fe or AlBr3)
• Chlorination of Benzene


  Cl2/AlCl3 (or Fe or FeCl3)
• Nitration of Phenol


  Dilute HNO3
• Bromination of Phenol


  Br2
• Neutralisation of Phenol


  NaOH(aq)
• Hydroxynitrile to amine


  H2, Ni
• Nitrile to Amine


  H2, Ni