Non-modifiable Risk Factors

• Non-modifiable Risk Factors:

  • age - CVD risk increases with age, but someone who's young and has multiple risk factors, can still have a higher long term risk
  • male sex - due to lower amounts of oestrogen
  • ethnicity
  • family history
  • menopause - oestrogen withdrawal
  • previous CVD event
• • younger men have a higher risk of developing CVD than pre-menopausal women
• Family History:

  • there is a strong genetic predeposition to CVD if:
  • male first degree relative whos age is younger than 55 years
  • female first degree relative whos age is younger than 65 years
  • if both parents suffer from heart disease before the age of 55, the babys risk of developing CVD can rise to 50% compared to the general population
• Ethnicity - risk score:

  • southern Asian
  • multiple the risk by 1.3 for indians and bangladeshis
  • multiple the risk by 1.7 for pakistanis
  • other asian
  • multiple the risk by 1.1
  • black caribbean
  • multiple the risk by 0.85
  • black african and chinese
  • multiple the risk by 0.7
• Other non-modifiable risk factors:

  • an ex-smoker who has quit less than 15 years ago, will still have a residual risk for CVD
  • previous CVD