POINTERS

• The vials are marked with the donor’s name, doctor’s name, the date, exhibit number and other pertinent information.
• Bloodstained materials should be packaged individually.
• A qualified physician is tasked with extracting the blood.
• Avoid folding across the stained area.
• Collect a comparison standard which is 5 cc of blood each taken from the victim and the suspect which are placed in separate vials.
• Forensic Science, also known as criminalistics, is the application of science to criminal and civil laws, mainly during criminal investigation.
• Forensic Chemistry is the study of the makeup of non-biological evidence found at a crime scene.
• Only a sector can be determined by the spermato-precipitin test.
• The test proposed by Farnum in 1901 is known as spermato-precipitin and is of great value in the identification in certain cases like bestiality.
• In order to conduct microscopic detection, part of the stained garment should be dissolved in acidulated water in a test tube.
• Microscopically, detection of spermatozoa is considered as confirmatory evidence for the presence of semen in a suspected stain.
• Forensic Toxicology deals with examination of human internal organs, food samples and water and gastric contents for the purpose of detecting the presence of poisonous substances, its dosage, effects and treatment.
• The history of Forensic chemistry can be traced back to 18th century France when chemists were asked by authorities to help them solve poisonings and other crimes using their knowledge about chemicals found at or near where a suspect lived.
• The scope of Forensic chemistry includes the chemical side of criminal investigation, analysis of any material quality of which may give rise to legal proceeding, and has invaded other branches of forensic sciences including legal medicine, ballistics, questioned documents, dactyloscopy and photography.
• The work of a Forensic Chemist is divided into four stages: Collection or reception of the specimen, the actual examination, the communication of the results of the examination, and court appearance.
• Six golden rules in the practice of Forensic chemistry are: Go slowly, be thorough, take notes, consult others, use imagination, and avoid complicated theories.
• Physical evidence is any object that can connect a victim or suspect to a crime scene.
• The average person has about 5 liters (more than a gallon) of blood.
• The collection of blood sample involves fluid blood for victims of crime in violence and parents and child in case of disputed percentage, and dried blood or blood stains for the points that are usually required to be determined regarding stains are: nature of stain, species from which the blood has come, and blood group.
• Plasma contains proteins that help blood to clot, transport substances through the blood, and perform other functions.
• Do not bag items if they are not thoroughly dried.
• If the material has to be folded, cover the stained area with clean paper.
• Circumstantial evidence is indirect evidence presented in a civil or criminal trial that suggests a fact is true rather than providing direct proof.
• Physical evidence refers to any item that comes from a nonliving origin, while biological evidence always originates from a living being.
• The study of blood is important in determining the cause of death, the direction of escape of the victim or the assailant, the approximate time the crime was committed, and in cases of disputed parentage.
• Blood composition is important in forensic studies.
• The most important kinds of physical evidence are fingerprints, tire marks, footprints, fibers, paint, and building materials.
• A liquid called plasma makes up about half of the content of blood.
• Blood is a constantly circulating tissue of the body that consists of formed elements suspended in a liquid called plasma.
• The formed elements in blood are the red blood cells or erythrocytes, the white blood cells or leukocytes and the blood platelets.
• Corroborative evidence is additional/separate evidence which connects the accused to the crime.
• Biological evidence includes bloodstains and DNA.
• When materials with blood stains are sent to the laboratory, they should be air-dried on a clean paper, dried, put inside a paper bag, marked with initials, the date and an exhibit number before fastening it.
• Some equipment used in the forensic examination includes Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Ultraviolet – Visible Spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), and Fourier Transform – Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR).
• Microscopical Examination is a method of examination for semen and seminal stains.
• The texture of semen is starchy on touch.
• Azoospermia is the lack of sperm cells in the semen.
• Semen is secreted by the gonads (sexual glands) and other sexual organs of male or hermaphrodic animals and can fertilize the female ovum.
• The Acid Phosphatase test involves analyzing a given stain for the presence of the enzyme acid phosphatase using a standard chemical reaction.
• The color of semen is thick, yellowish white, glairy, opalescent secretion having a characteristic odor.