ROME

• Who was Cleopatra VII?

  Pharaoh of Egypt from 51 to 30 BCE
• What was Cleopatra's relationship with Julius Caesar?

  She had a love affair with him
• Why was Cleopatra feared by the Romans?

  She was seen as a threat to Rome
• What was Cleopatra's position when she ruled alongside her father?

  She had limited power as a co-ruler
• How old was Cleopatra when she became co-ruler with her father?

  Fourteen years old
• What happened after Ptolemy XII died?

  Cleopatra became joint ruler with Ptolemy XIII
• How did Cleopatra take control after Ptolemy XIII became king?

  She sidelined him due to his young age
• What forced Cleopatra to flee Egypt in 48 BCE?

  A palace coup removed her from power
• Who were the two leading politician-generals in Rome during Cleopatra's time?

  Pompey and Julius Caesar
• What was the outcome of Pompey's actions in Egypt?

  Ptolemy ordered Pompey's death to please Caesar
• What did Julius Caesar do upon arriving in Egypt?

  He took control of Alexandria
• How did Cleopatra approach her meeting with Julius Caesar?

  She disguised herself in a bed-sack
• What was the significance of Cleopatra's meeting with Julius Caesar?

  It allowed her to reclaim her throne
• What was the name of Cleopatra's son with Julius Caesar?

  Ptolemy Caesar, also called Caesarion
• What happened to Ptolemy XIII in January 47 BCE?

  He was killed during a failed coup
• How did Cleopatra's status change after Ptolemy XIII's death?

  She became essentially the sole ruler of Egypt
• What was Cleopatra's reception in Rome with Caesarion?

  She was unpopular with the Roman people
• Why did Romans dislike Cleopatra's title as 'queen'?

  Romans disliked monarchs and royal titles
• What did Julius Caesar do that worried the Romans about Cleopatra?

  He erected a statue of her in Rome
• What was the significance of the statue of Cleopatra in Rome?

  It represented her as the goddess Isis
• What change did Julius Caesar's actions represent in Roman culture?

  Introduction of ruler worship and divine association
• What happened to Julius Caesar on the Ides of March, 44 BCE?

  He was assassinated by conservative Senators
• What did Cleopatra do after Julius Caesar's assassination?

  She returned to Alexandria
• What happened to Cleopatra's brother Ptolemy XIV?

  He died, possibly poisoned by Cleopatra
• Who were the two men that rose to power after Julius Caesar's death?

  Mark Antony and Octavian
• What was Cleopatra's intention when meeting Antony?

  To charm him and form an alliance
• How did Cleopatra's relationship with Antony affect Roman politics?

  It caused scandal and concern among Romans
• What was the Roman view of Antony's marriage to Cleopatra?

  It was scandalous and against customs
• What did Antony's marriage to Cleopatra imply for Rome?

  Potential foreign rule through their children
• How did Roman politicians view Antony's behavior?

  As a loss of his Roman dignity
• What rumor circulated about Antony's intentions?

  He intended to move the empire to Alexandria
• What did the Donations of Alexandria signify?

  Antony's public declaration of loyalty to Cleopatra
• Who succeeded in seducing Antony?

  Cleopatra
• What significant event occurred in 36 BCE regarding Antony and Cleopatra?

  Antony married Cleopatra in Egypt
• What was Antony's marital status when he married Cleopatra?

  He was already married to Octavia
• How did Antony's marriage to Cleopatra violate Roman customs?

  It allowed bigamy, which was forbidden
• What scandal arose from Antony's household setup in Alexandria?

  It caused a scandal in Rome
• What claim did Cleopatra's children have after her marriage to Antony?

  They had a claim to Antony's property
• What did Roman politicians think of Antony's actions?

  They thought he lost his senses
• How did Antony's love for Cleopatra affect his character, according to Plutarch?

  It destroyed his good qualities