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• DEVELOPMENTAL - the act or process of developing; growth; progress
• THEORY - principle or body of interrelated principles that purports to explain or predict a number of interrelated phenomena
• In psychology, theories are used to provide a model for understanding human thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
• DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY - offer explanations about how we develop, why we change over time and the kinds of influences that impact development
• THEORISTS AND THEIR THEORY ON DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

  PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY

  HUMANISTIC THEORY

  BEHAVIORAL THEORY

  COGNITIVE THEORY

  EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
• PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY

  Sigmund Freud

  Carl Jung

  Alfred Adler

  Erik Erickson
• HUMANISTIC THEORY

  Abraham Maslow

  Carl Rogers

  Erich Fromm
• BEHAVIORAL THEORY

  B.F Skinner
• COGNITIVE THEORY

  Jean Piaget

  Albert Bandura

  Lev Vygotsky
• EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

  Charles Darwin
• PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY - It states that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality
• The psychodynamic approach includes all the theories in psychology that see human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly unconscious, and between the different structures of the personality
• Stages of Psychosexual Development - the process proposed by Freud in which pleasure-seeking urges focus on different erogenous zones of the body as humans move through five stages of life
• ORAL - The mouth sucking, swallowing etc.

  ANAL - The anus—withholding or expelling feces

  PHALLIC - The penis or clitoris-masturbation

  LATENT - Little or no sexual motivation present

  GENITAL - The penis or vagina — sexual intercourse
• ROLE OF CONFLICT - a state of tension or distress caused by inconsistent or discordant expectations associated with one’s social or group role, as when a single role’s demands are inconsistent with each other (intrarole conflict) or when individuals occupy more than one role and the behaviors required by these roles are incompatible (interrole conflict)
• DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY - Jung divided his developmental theory into three parts: Childhood, Puberty to Middle age and Old Age. According to Jung, ego begins to develop in early childhood years because their own unique identity has not been formed yet
• DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY (CARL JUNG)

  CHILDHOOD

  • Anarchic
  • Monarchic
  • Dualistic

  YOUTH

  • The period from Puberty until Middle life

  MIDLLE LIFE

  • Begins approximately at the age of 35 or 40

  OLD AGE

  Diminution of consciousness
• BIRTH ORDER (ALFRED ADLER) - Adler's theory posits that different

  positions in a family birth order may be correlated both positive and

  negative life outcomes
• BIRTH ORDER (ALFRED ADLER)

  OLDEST CHILD

  P: Nurturing and Protective of others, Good Organizer, High Achiever, Responsible

  N: Bossy, Highly Anxious, Uncooperative

  SECOND CHILD

  P: Highly Motivated, Cooperative, Generous, Easy Going,

  N: Secretive, Highly Competitive, Easily Discouraged

  YOUNGEST CHILD

  P: Realistically ambitious, Risk taker, Creative, Outgoing, likes to be pampered

  N: Dependent on others, wants to excel in everything

  ONLY CHILD

  P: Socially mature, Leader, Dependable, Mature, Confident

  N: Inflated sense of self, Pampered style of life
• STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT - Erikson was interested in how social interaction and relationships played a role in the development and growth of human beings
• STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (ERIK ERIKSON)

  1: TRUST VS. MISTRUST

  This stage begins at birth and continues until approximately 18 months of age. During this stage, the infant is uncertain about the world in which they live and looks towards their primary caregiver for stability and consistency of care.

  Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of hope.
• STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (ERIK ERIKSON)

  2: AUTONOMY VS. SHAME AND DOUBT

  This stage occurs between the ages of 18 months to approximately 3 years. According to Erikson, children at this stage are focused on developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence.

  Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of will.
• STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (ERIK ERIKSON)

  3. INITIATIVE VS. GUILT

  Children assert themselves more frequently through directing play and other social interactions. During this period, the primary feature involves the child regularly interacting with other children at school.

  Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of purpose.
• STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (ERIK ERIKSON)

  4. INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY

  Erikson ' s fourth psychosocial crisis, involving industry (competence) vs. Inferiority occurs during childhood between the ages of five and twelve. Children are at the stage where they will be learning to read and write, to do sums, and to do things on their own.

  Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of competence.
• STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (ERIK ERIKSON)

  
5. IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION

  The fifth stage of Erik Erikson ' s theory of psychosocial development is identity vs. role confusion, and it occurs during adolescence, from about 12-18 years. During this stage, adolescents search for a sense of self and personal identity, through an intense exploration of personal values, beliefs, and goals.

  Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of fidelity
• STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (ERIK ERIKSON)

  5. INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION

  This stage takes place during young adulthood between the ages of approximately 18 to 40 yrs. During this stage, the major conflict centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people.

  Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of love.
• STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (ERIK ERIKSON)

  6. INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR

  This stage begins at approximately age 65 and ends at death. It is during this time that we contemplate our accomplishments and can develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a successful life.

  Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of wisdom.
• STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (ERIK ERIKSON)



  7. GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION

  This stage takes place during middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65 years). We give back to society through raising our children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in community activities and organizations.

  Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of care.
• HUMANISTIC THEORY

  It is a psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole person.

  Humanistic psychologists look at human behavior not only through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving.

  Humanistic psychologists believe that an individual' s behavior is connected to his inner feelings and self-image.
• HIERARCHY OF NEEDS (ABRAHAM MASLOW) - human beings are motivated by a hierarchy of needs.
• HIERARCHY OF NEEDS (ABRAHAM MASLOW)

  Self-actualization: achieving one's full potential, including creative

  activities

  Esteem needs: prestige and feeling of accomplishment

  Belongingness and love needs: intimate relationships, friends

  Safety needs: security, safety

  Physiological needs: food, water, warmth, rest
• HUMANISTIC THEORY (CARL ROGERS)

  Self-Actualization (The Fully Functioning Person)

  He believed that humans have one basic motive, that is the tendency to self-actualize.

  Rogers identified five characteristics of the fully functioning

  person:

  1 . Open to Experience

  2. Existential Living

  3. Trust Feeling

  4. Creativity

  5. Fulfilled Life
• HUMANISTIC THEORY (CARL ROGERS)

  Self-Concept - It is the organized, consistent set of perceptions and

  beliefs about oneself.

  1 . Self-Worth: What we think about ourselves.

  2. Self-Image: It affects how a person thinks, feels and behaves in the world.

  3. Ideal Self: This is the person who we would like to be.

  UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD - where parents, significant others accepts and loves the person for what he or she is.

  CONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD - worth and love are only given under

  certain conditions
• FIVE BASIC HUMAN NEEDS (ERICH FROMM) - Fromm believed that society and culture also played a significant role in individual human development
• FIVE BASIC HUMAN NEEDS (ERICH FROMM)

  Relatedness

  Transcendence

  Rootedness

  Sense of Identity

  Frame of Orientation
• BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS (CONDITIONING) (B.F. SKINNER)

  OPERANT CONDITIONING - a method of learning that employs rewards and punishments for behavior
• BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS (CONDITIONING) (B.F. SKINNER)

  BIRTH TO 8 MONTHS - infant's early behavior is based solely on her

  needs for survival.

  8 TO 18 MONTHS - infant from evolves making vocal sounds to greater verbalization.

  18 TO 36 MONTHS - A toddler is more mobile & independent, she is also carving out her own identity.

  36 MONTHS TO 5 YRS - A rapid growth and refinement of motor skills,

  language vocabulary, and of development relationships.
• FOUR STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT (JEAN PIAGET) - It suggests that children move through four different stages of mental development
• FOUR STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT (JEAN PIAGET) - His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence
• FOUR STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT (JEAN PIAGET)

  Sensorimotor Stage

  Formal Operational Stage

  Concrete Operational Stage

  Preoperational Stage