Topic # 4

• What is atrophy in terms of growth disturbances?

  Qualitative decrease in size
• What does hypertrophy refer to?

  Qualitative increase in size
• What is hyperplasia?

  Quantitative increase in number of cells
• What does metaplasia involve?

  Transformation of one type of cell into another
• What is anaplasia?

  Reversion of cell to primitive type
• What does dysplasia refer to?

  Abnormality in size, shape, and orientation of cells
• What is hypoplasia?

  Failure of development of organ to normal size
• What does neoplasia involve?

  Formation of new cell or tissue type
• What is the first category of disturbances in cell metabolism?

  Disturbances in protein metabolism
• What is one type of disturbance in protein metabolism?

  Gout
• What is another type of disturbance in protein metabolism?

  Hyaline degeneration
• What is a third type of disturbance in protein metabolism?

  Amyloid infiltration
• What is the first category of disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism?

  Glycogen infiltration & depletion
• What is the first type of disturbance in fat metabolism?

  Depot fat
• What is the second type of disturbance in fat metabolism?

  Protoplasmic fat
• What is the third type of disturbance in fat metabolism?

  Fatty degeneration
• What is the fourth type of disturbance in fat metabolism?

  Fatty infiltration
• What is the first type of disturbance in calcium metabolism?

  Calcification
• What is dystrophic calcification caused by?

  Damage to tissue
• What is metastatic calcification caused by?

  Increased calcium levels
• What is calcinosis?

  Extensive metastatic calcification
• What causes calciphylactic disturbances?

  Calcium sensitizers like Vitamin D and PTH
• What is the first type of disturbance in pigment metabolism?

  Melanosis
• What is the second type of disturbance in pigment metabolism?

  Lipofuscinosis & ceroid
• What are hemoglobin derivatives in pigment metabolism?

  Bilirubin, hemosiderin, and porphyrin
• What is icterus also known as?

  Jaundice
• What is the last type of disturbance in pigment metabolism?

  Exogenous