Microorganisms

• A typical virus consists of a glycoprotein that helps the virus enter the body cells of the cell it wants to infect, a protein envelope that serves as the protective outer covering to the inner viral genome, and a capsid which protects the viral genome.
• The genetic material of a virus is usually double-stranded and is what infects the host cell, using the host cells' biological machinery in transcription and translation to help itself become either replicated or expressed in that host cell.
• A typical bacillus consists of an outer slime capsule or slime layer that helps the bacteria prevent drying out and stick to surfaces where it will then obviously replicate, a cell wall made of peptidoglycan that prevents the bursting of the bacterial cell from osmotic pressures, a cell membrane that controls what moves into and out of these cells, and a cytoplasm containing ribosomes for protein synthesis and a chromosome, the location of the genetic material of the bacterial cell.
• If the genetic material of a bacterial cell is highly concentrated in one part of the bacterial cell, it is referred to as the nucleoid of the genetic material.
• Accessory rings of DNA are found inside the cytoplasm.
• In a longitudinal section of a hypha, the cell wall is made of chitin on the outside, and the cytoplasm is acidic and contains multiple nuclei.
• Some bacteria have additional structures called fimbriae, which allow them to attach to surfaces.
• The flagella is a thread-like structure that allows bacteria a little bit of locomotion and some movement.
• The mycocylium is the larger structure made up of hyphae, which can be referred to as the network of hyphae.
• Rhizopus is a type of bread mold, and its structure includes a root-like structure called a rhizoid, a stolon for horizontal growth, and sporangia for vertical growth.
• Bacterial cells can also have pillae structures which help them to attach to each other for reproduction.
• A continuous vacuole runs through the hyphae.
• The phthalus refers to the structure that does not have roots, stems, or leaves.
• Bacteria also have plasmids, which are extra genetic material that can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome.