Biodiverse & nat. resources

• What is biodiversity?

  The variety of living organisms
• How is biodiversity currently being threatened?

  By human activity such as deforestation
• What are the two main ways to measure biodiversity?

  • Species richness: number of different species
  • Genetic diversity: genetic variation in a species
• What does species richness refer to?

  The number of different species in a habitat
• What is genetic diversity?

  A measure of genetic variation in a species
• How is biodiversity within a species measured?

  By calculating the heterozygosity index
• What is the formula for the heterozygosity index (H)?

  H = number of heterozygotes / number of individuals
• How can biodiversity be compared between different habitats?

  • Using the index of diversity (D)
  • D = Diversity index
  • N = total number of organisms
  • n = total number of organisms of each species
• What is endemism?

  Species unique to a specific geographic location
• What is an ecological niche?

  A species' role within the community
• What happens when species share the same niche?

  They compete, and better-adapted species survive
• What is the basis of natural selection?

  Better adapted species survive and reproduce
• What are the three types of adaptations organisms can have?

  • Anatomical adaptations: physical features
  • Behavioural adaptations: changes in behavior
  • Physiological adaptations: internal processes
• What are anatomical adaptations?

  Physical adaptations, either external or internal
• What are behavioral adaptations?

  Changes in behavior that improve survival
• What are physiological adaptations?

  Processes that increase an organism's survival chance
• What is the process of natural selection?

  Fitter individuals survive and pass on alleles
• What is evolution?

  Change in allele frequency over time
• What are the steps of evolution via natural selection?

  1. Variety of phenotypes exist due to mutation
  2. Environmental change alters selection pressure
  3. Some individuals have advantageous alleles
  4. Advantageous alleles are passed to offspring
  5. Allele frequency in population changes over time
• What is the Hardy-Weinberg Equation used for?

  Estimating allele frequency in a population
• What does p represent in the Hardy-Weinberg Equation?

  The frequency of the dominant allele
• What does q represent in the Hardy-Weinberg Equation?

  The frequency of the recessive allele
• What does p^2 represent in the Hardy-Weinberg Equation?

  Frequency of AA (homozygous dominant)
• What does 2pq represent in the Hardy-Weinberg Equation?

  Frequency of Aa (heterozygous)
• What does q^2 represent in the Hardy-Weinberg Equation?

  Frequency of aa (homozygous recessive)
• What is the condition for a population in genetic equilibrium?

  p + q = 1.0
• What is the expanded Hardy-Weinberg Equation?

  (p + q)^2 = 1 hence p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
• What are the conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg Equation?

  • No mutations
  • Random mating
  • Large population
  • Isolated population
  • No selection pressure
• What happens when two populations become reproductively isolated?

  New species form due to genetic differences
• What are the two types of speciation?

  • Allopatric: geographical isolation
  • Sympatric: isolation by other means
• What is classification in biology?

  • Organizing life based on relationships
  • Uses differences and similarities in phenotypes and genotypes
• What are the five kingdoms in the five-kingdom model of classification?

  • Animals
  • Plants
  • Fungi
  • Protists
  • Monera
• What is the binomial system of naming species?

  Genus name followed by species name
• What is molecular phylogeny?

  Analysis of molecular differences for evolutionary relationships
• What is the Three-Domain model of classification?

  • Organisms sorted into three domains:
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukaryota
• How are the monera classified in the Three-Domain model?

  Split between bacteria and archaebacteria
• How does the scientific community evaluate data?

  • Findings published in scientific journals
  • Presented at scientific conferences
  • Evidence studied in peer review
• What are the unique structures found in plant cells?

  • Cell wall made of cellulose
  • Plasmodesmata for substance transport
  • Chloroplasts for photosynthesis
  • Amyloplasts for starch storage
  • Vacuole for strength and support
• What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?

  Provides structure and support
• What are chloroplasts responsible for?

  Site of photosynthesis in plant cells