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Edexcel Biology
Paper 2
Voice of the genome
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Created by
Connor McKeown
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Cards (103)
What are all living organisms made of?
Cells
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How are cells organized in multicellular organisms?
Cells form
tissues
, organs, and
organ systems
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What type of cells are humans made up of?
Eukaryotic cells
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What do eukaryotic cells contain?
Nucleus
and
membrane-bound
organelles
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What can be observed using a microscope?
Ultrastructure
of a cell
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What is the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus
:
double membrane
, contains DNA and nucleolus
Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum
: folds and processes proteins
Smooth
Endoplasmic Reticulum: produces and processes lipids
Golgi Apparatus
: modifies and packages proteins and lipids
Mitochondria
: site of cellular respiration
Centrioles
: involved in cell division
80S Ribosomes
: site of protein synthesis
Lysosomes
: contain
digestive enzymes
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What surrounds the nucleus?
Double membrane
called the
envelope
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What is the function of the nucleolus?
Site of
ribosome
production
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What is the structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Flattened sacs with
ribosomes
on the surface
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What does the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum do?
Folds and processes
proteins
made on ribosomes
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What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum's function?
Produces and processes
lipids
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What is the Golgi Apparatus made of?
Fluid-filled
, flattened and
curved
sacs
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What does the Golgi Apparatus do?
Modifies and packages
proteins
and
lipids
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What is the shape of mitochondria?
Usually
oval
shaped
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What is the inner membrane of mitochondria folded into?
Projections called
cristae
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What is contained in the fluid matrix of mitochondria?
Enzymes
needed for
cellular respiration
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What are centrioles made of?
Hollow cylinders of
microtubules
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What is the role of centrioles?
Involved in
cell division
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What type of ribosomes do eukaryotic cells have?
80S
ribosomes
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What do lysosomes contain?
Digestive enzymes
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Where are proteins produced?
On the
ribosomes
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What happens to proteins produced on the RER?
They are folded and processed in the RER
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How are proteins transported from the RER?
In
vesicles
to the
Golgi apparatus
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What modifications occur in the Golgi Apparatus?
Proteins
are modified, e.g.,
glycoproteins
formed
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What does the Golgi Apparatus do with proteins?
Packages proteins into
vesicles
for transport
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How do some proteins leave the cell?
By
exocytosis
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What is the cell wall made of in prokaryotic cells?
Peptidoglycan
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What is the function of the cell wall?
Provides strength
and
support
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What is the slime capsule's function?
Helps retain
moisture
and adhere to
surfaces
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What are plasmids?
Circular pieces of
DNA
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What is the function of the flagellum?
Moves the cell by
rotating
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What are pili?
Hair-like
structures
for attachment
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What type of ribosomes do prokaryotic cells have?
70S
ribosomes
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What are mesosomes believed to be?
Infoldings of the
inner membrane
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What is debated about mesosomes?
Whether they are
artifacts
or functional
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What does the ovum contain to prevent polyspermy?
Zona pellucida
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What happens to the zona pellucida after fertilization?
It hardens to prevent
polyspermy
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What type of nucleus does the ovum contain?
Haploid
nucleus
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What do cortical granules do?
Release substances to harden
zona pellucida
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What surrounds the egg cell?
Follicle cells
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