Voice of the genome

Cards (103)

  • What are all living organisms made of?
    Cells
  • How are cells organized in multicellular organisms?
    Cells form tissues, organs, and organ systems
  • What type of cells are humans made up of?
    Eukaryotic cells
  • What do eukaryotic cells contain?
    Nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
  • What can be observed using a microscope?
    Ultrastructure of a cell
  • What is the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells?
    • Nucleus: double membrane, contains DNA and nucleolus
    • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: folds and processes proteins
    • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: produces and processes lipids
    • Golgi Apparatus: modifies and packages proteins and lipids
    • Mitochondria: site of cellular respiration
    • Centrioles: involved in cell division
    • 80S Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
    • Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes
  • What surrounds the nucleus?
    Double membrane called the envelope
  • What is the function of the nucleolus?
    Site of ribosome production
  • What is the structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
    Flattened sacs with ribosomes on the surface
  • What does the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum do?
    Folds and processes proteins made on ribosomes
  • What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum's function?
    Produces and processes lipids
  • What is the Golgi Apparatus made of?
    Fluid-filled, flattened and curved sacs
  • What does the Golgi Apparatus do?
    Modifies and packages proteins and lipids
  • What is the shape of mitochondria?
    Usually oval shaped
  • What is the inner membrane of mitochondria folded into?
    Projections called cristae
  • What is contained in the fluid matrix of mitochondria?
    Enzymes needed for cellular respiration
  • What are centrioles made of?
    Hollow cylinders of microtubules
  • What is the role of centrioles?
    Involved in cell division
  • What type of ribosomes do eukaryotic cells have?
    80S ribosomes
  • What do lysosomes contain?
    Digestive enzymes
  • Where are proteins produced?
    On the ribosomes
  • What happens to proteins produced on the RER?
    They are folded and processed in the RER
  • How are proteins transported from the RER?
    In vesicles to the Golgi apparatus
  • What modifications occur in the Golgi Apparatus?
    Proteins are modified, e.g., glycoproteins formed
  • What does the Golgi Apparatus do with proteins?
    Packages proteins into vesicles for transport
  • How do some proteins leave the cell?
    By exocytosis
  • What is the cell wall made of in prokaryotic cells?
    Peptidoglycan
  • What is the function of the cell wall?
    Provides strength and support
  • What is the slime capsule's function?
    Helps retain moisture and adhere to surfaces
  • What are plasmids?
    Circular pieces of DNA
  • What is the function of the flagellum?
    Moves the cell by rotating
  • What are pili?
    Hair-like structures for attachment
  • What type of ribosomes do prokaryotic cells have?
    70S ribosomes
  • What are mesosomes believed to be?
    Infoldings of the inner membrane
  • What is debated about mesosomes?
    Whether they are artifacts or functional
  • What does the ovum contain to prevent polyspermy?
    Zona pellucida
  • What happens to the zona pellucida after fertilization?
    It hardens to prevent polyspermy
  • What type of nucleus does the ovum contain?
    Haploid nucleus
  • What do cortical granules do?
    Release substances to harden zona pellucida
  • What surrounds the egg cell?
    Follicle cells