Voice of the genome

• What are all living organisms made of?

  Cells
• How are cells organized in multicellular organisms?

  Cells form tissues, organs, and organ systems
• What type of cells are humans made up of?

  Eukaryotic cells
• What do eukaryotic cells contain?

  Nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• What can be observed using a microscope?

  Ultrastructure of a cell
• What is the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells?

  • Nucleus: double membrane, contains DNA and nucleolus
  • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: folds and processes proteins
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: produces and processes lipids
  • Golgi Apparatus: modifies and packages proteins and lipids
  • Mitochondria: site of cellular respiration
  • Centrioles: involved in cell division
  • 80S Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
  • Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes
• What surrounds the nucleus?

  Double membrane called the envelope
• What is the function of the nucleolus?

  Site of ribosome production
• What is the structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

  Flattened sacs with ribosomes on the surface
• What does the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum do?

  Folds and processes proteins made on ribosomes
• What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum's function?

  Produces and processes lipids
• What is the Golgi Apparatus made of?

  Fluid-filled, flattened and curved sacs
• What does the Golgi Apparatus do?

  Modifies and packages proteins and lipids
• What is the shape of mitochondria?

  Usually oval shaped
• What is the inner membrane of mitochondria folded into?

  Projections called cristae
• What is contained in the fluid matrix of mitochondria?

  Enzymes needed for cellular respiration
• What are centrioles made of?

  Hollow cylinders of microtubules
• What is the role of centrioles?

  Involved in cell division
• What type of ribosomes do eukaryotic cells have?

  80S ribosomes
• What do lysosomes contain?

  Digestive enzymes
• Where are proteins produced?

  On the ribosomes
• What happens to proteins produced on the RER?

  They are folded and processed in the RER
• How are proteins transported from the RER?

  In vesicles to the Golgi apparatus
• What modifications occur in the Golgi Apparatus?

  Proteins are modified, e.g., glycoproteins formed
• What does the Golgi Apparatus do with proteins?

  Packages proteins into vesicles for transport
• How do some proteins leave the cell?

  By exocytosis
• What is the cell wall made of in prokaryotic cells?

  Peptidoglycan
• What is the function of the cell wall?

  Provides strength and support
• What is the slime capsule's function?

  Helps retain moisture and adhere to surfaces
• What are plasmids?

  Circular pieces of DNA
• What is the function of the flagellum?

  Moves the cell by rotating
• What are pili?

  Hair-like structures for attachment
• What type of ribosomes do prokaryotic cells have?

  70S ribosomes
• What are mesosomes believed to be?

  Infoldings of the inner membrane
• What is debated about mesosomes?

  Whether they are artifacts or functional
• What does the ovum contain to prevent polyspermy?

  Zona pellucida
• What happens to the zona pellucida after fertilization?

  It hardens to prevent polyspermy
• What type of nucleus does the ovum contain?

  Haploid nucleus
• What do cortical granules do?

  Release substances to harden zona pellucida
• What surrounds the egg cell?

  Follicle cells