Transformation of organisms

• What is transformation in a cell?

  Uptake of foreign DNA from the environment
• How can transformation be compared to software installation?

  Cells download and install new DNA like software
• What are the steps involved in transformation?

  1. Foreign DNA Uptake: Cells absorb DNA from surroundings.
  2. Integration: Absorbed DNA becomes part of genetic material.
  3. Expression: Cell produces proteins coded by new DNA.
• What are the two main ways bacteria can take up DNA?

  Natural and artificial transformation
• What happens during the uptake step of transformation?

  Cells absorb DNA from their surroundings
• What is the purpose of the heat shock process shown in the image?

  To transform the bacteria with the plasmid DNA
• What is the purpose of heat shock in the transformation process?

  It facilitates the uptake of DNA by bacteria
• What occurs during the integration step of transformation?

  The absorbed DNA becomes part of the cell's genome
• How do bacteria develop competence?

  By developing receptors on their surface
• What is a key benefit of transformation in agriculture?

  It allows genetic engineering of plants
• What happens after DNA entry in artificial transformation?

  Bacteria integrate the DNA into their genome
• What are the key steps in the bacterial transformation process shown in the image?

  1. Bacteria are exposed to DNA from an external source
  2. Heat shock is applied to the bacteria
  3. Plasmid DNA is taken up by the bacteria
  4. Transformed bacteria form a colony on the agar plate
  5. Antibiotic resistance gene on the plasmid is expressed
• What is natural transformation in bacteria?

  • Bacteria develop competence
  • They create receptors to bind DNA
  • Uptake of DNA fragments from the environment
  • New DNA integrates into their genome
• After transformation, what is the next step for the bacteria?

  Transformed bacteria are grown in culture
• How does transformation affect pest resistance in crops?

  It enables plants to be more pest resistant
• What is the first step in bacterial transformation for genetic engineering?

  Foreign DNA is ligated into a plasmid
• What occurs during the incorporation phase of natural transformation?

  New DNA integrates into the bacterial genome
• What is the impact of transformation on herbicide tolerance?

  It allows crops to tolerate herbicides better
• What is the final step in the genetic engineering process described?

  Grow successful colonies to produce desired protein
• What happens during the uptake phase of natural transformation?

  Bacteria take in DNA fragments from surroundings
• What nutrient is Golden Rice enriched with?

  Vitamin A
• What is the result of the expression step in transformation?

  The cell produces proteins coded by new DNA
• What does the image in the study material illustrate?

  • Bacterial transformation process
  • Creation of protein-producing colonies
  • Use of engineered DNA
• How do researchers select for bacteria containing the correct plasmid?

  By using antibiotic resistance markers
• What are the main steps in the process of genetic engineering using transformation?

  1. Ligate foreign DNA into a plasmid
  2. Treat mixture with heat shock
  3. Grow transformed bacteria in culture
  4. Select for bacteria with correct plasmid using antibiotic resistance
  5. Grow successful colonies to produce desired protein
• What is the structure shown in the image that contains the transformed DNA?

  Plasmid
• How does transformation influence crop yield?

  It boosts crop yield significantly
• What is electroporation in the context of artificial transformation?

  A brief electrical pulse creates pores
• How can you identify a correct plasmid in the transformed bacteria?

  • Look for the correct plasmid shape
  • Check for the presence of a colony on the agar plate
  • Verify the presence of the antibiotic resistance gene
• What is artificial transformation in bacteria?

  • Requires lab assistance to insert DNA
  • Common methods include:
  • Heat shock
  • Electroporation
  • DNA entry through pores
  • Incorporation into the genome
• What does competence mean in the context of bacteria?

  Bacteria can naturally grab DNA
• What is the source of the DNA in the image?

  Bacteria
• What role do therapeutic proteins play in treating Type 1 diabetes?

  They replace the missing insulin in patients
• Why is gene delivery important in medical transformation?

  It allows direct treatment of genetic disorders
• In what way does transformation enhance the nutritional value of food?

  It improves the nutritional content of crops
• What does medical transformation produce?

  Therapeutic proteins
• Why is Golden Rice important for developing countries?

  It addresses vitamin A deficiencies
• How is insulin produced for Type 1 diabetes?

  Engineered bacteria produce human insulin
• What is Bt corn engineered to do?

  Produce its own pesticide
• What is gene therapy used for?

  Treating genetic disorders