SAS 1

• Analytical chemistry is a measurement science consisting of a set of powerful ideas and methods that are useful in

  all fields of science, engineering, and medicine.
• MATTER - is anything that has weight and occupies space (Solid, Liquid and Gas)
• Physical (Intrinsic and Extrinsic) - it is how the matter appears in nature, ex. color, odor, taste, texture, boiling,

  freezing, melting and etc.

  2. Chemical – the property that enters into chemical reactions
• Physiological – the physiological behavior when taken into the body
• 1. Physical – involves in the changes in form and appearance, but without affecting their chemical nature.

  2. Chemical - involves the change in its composition
• Atom – the smallest particle of an element which enters into a chemical combination, composed of a nucleus and around it revolves the electrons.
• Molecule – is the smallest particle of matter that can exist in a free state capable of entering into chemical change and is a combination of atoms of the same kind or different atoms.
• Element – simplest particle of matter which is incapable of being divided and can enter into chemical combination.
• Element cannot be decomposed into simpler materials by ordinary processes.
• Heterogeneous mixture is a combination of 2 or more substances which can be separated one from the other by mechanical means (Filtration, floatation, centrifugation, distillation, fractional distillation, fractional distillation, fractional crystallization, chromatography).
• Homogenous mixture is a combination of 2 or more substances which cannot be separated from one another by mechanical means, even by filtration and decantation.
• Compound is a combination of two or more elements at a definite proportion.
• Compound must conform to a general law that a compound would always have definite composition at a definite proportion.
• according to the number of elements present

  1. Binary, Ternary, Quaternary
• Isomorphous termed applicable if the different compounds crystallize in the same form which is also known as isomorphism.
• Potassium permanganate and potassium chlorate are examples of isomorphous compounds.
• Polymorphous refers to compounds that form 2 or more different types of crystals, also known as polymorphism.
• Carbon is an example of a polymorphous compound.
• Metamorphous refers to the same compound that can be changed into one form to another, also known as metamorphism.
• Chalk, which can be changed to marble, has the same chemical formula as calcium carbonate, and is an example of a metamorphous compound.
• Isomeric refers to a class of organic compounds in which compounds having the same molecular formula, but differ in physical and chemical properties, and the phenomenon is termed as isomerism.
• Ethyl alcohol and dimethyl ether are examples of isomeric compounds.
• Polymer is a class of organic compounds in which two or more compounds have the same percentage of elements present in the compound.
• If the molecules of the compound are taken twice, it is termed as Monomer, if more than twice it is termed as polymer and the phenomenon is termed polymorphism.
• An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ion when dissolved in water, represented by the formula HX, where X is a monoatomic or polyatomic anion.
• Bronsted-Lowry theory defines an acid as a proton donor.
• Lewis electronic theory defines an acid as an electron acceptor.
• An acid has sour taste, neutralizes base, is a proton donor, has pH below 7, and feels like water on normal skin but it stings, turning red litmus paper to red.
• When the name of the anion (X) ends in –ide, the acid name begins with the prefix hydro.
• The stem of the anion has the suffix –ic and it is followed by the word acid.
• Examples of acids include H2S=hydrosulfuric acid and HF = hydrofluoric acid.
• All binary acids have a prefix of –hydro and a suffix of –ic.
• When the anion ends in –ite, like sulfite, the acid name is the name of the anion with the suffix –ous followed by the word acid.
• If the anion name ends in –ate such as nitrate, the acid name is the anion with the suffix –ic, followed by the word acid.
• A substance that produces hydroxide ion when dissolved in water is defined as a base.
• Ionic compounds that are bases are named as any other compounds: the name of the cation is written first allowed by the name of the anion.
• KOH is potassium hydroxide.
• An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains its chemical identity.
• The term 'atom' was first proposed by Democritus, a Greek philosopher, around 460-370 BC.
• A base has bitter taste, neutralizes acid, is a proton acceptor, has pH above 7, feels smooth, soothing and slippery on skin, and turns red litmus paper to blue.