Finals Exam

• Catabolism – is the process in a plant or animal by which complex molecules are changed into simpler molecules and energy is released. 
• Anabolism – is a building-up process. It is the synthesis of complex molecules from their simple building units. It is an energy-requiring process and is the opposite of catabolism 
• Autotrophic Process: Plants and plant-like organisms make their energy (glucose) from sunlight.
• Photosynthesis-Essential to animal life because it provides oxygen and organic molecules (glucose)
• Plants use sunlight (light energy) to turn water and carbon dioxide into glucose.
• Plants use glucose as food for energy and as a building block for growing.
• Light Reaction or Light Dependent Reaction - Produces energy from solar power (photons) in the form of ATP and NADPH.
• • Occurs in chloroplast (in thylakoids)

  -where light reaction takes place
• • Chlorophyll (thylakoid) traps energy from light
• • Light/photons excites electron (e-) Kicks e- out of chlorophyll to an electron transport chain
• • Lost energy used to recharge ATP from ADP
• • NADPH produced from e- transport chain
  • Stores energy until transfer to stroma
  • Plays important role in light-independent reaction
• Total byproducts of light reaction:  ATP, NADP, O2
• 1. Cyclic Electron Flow: 

  • Occurs in the thylakoid membrane.
  • Uses Photosystem I only
  • P700 reaction center- chlorophyll a 
  • Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
  • Generates ATP only
• 1. Noncyclic Electron Flow

  • Occurs in the thylakoid membrane
  • Uses Photosystem II and Photosystem I
  • P680 reaction center (PSII) - chlorophyll a
  • P700 reaction center (PS I) - chlorophyll a
  • Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
  • Generates O2, ATP and NADPH. Oxygen comes from the splitting of H2O, not CO2
• Hydrolysis is a common form of a chemical reaction where water is mostly used to break down the chemical bonds that exists between a particular substance.
• One of its advantages is that Water is one of the most important components of photosynthesis.
• The hydrolysis of water is required to provide the electrons and protons in photosynthesis.
• . Calvin Cycle or Light Independent Reaction

  • Also called Carbon Fixation or C3 Fixation
  • Uses energy (ATP and NADPH) from light reaction to make sugar (glucose).
  • Named after Melvin Calvin who discovered the enzymatic reactions that reduce the CO2 to a carbohydrate.
  • Does not require light
• where does calvin cycle takes place?

  Occurs in stroma of chloroplast
• Stroma is the site of a light independent reactions in photosynthesis.
• Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, commonly known by the abbreviations RuBisCo, is an enzyme involved in light-independent of photosynthesis.
• Carbon dioxide is important for life, essential for the survival of most living organisms and cycles in the ecosystem, through aerobic and anaerobic respiration, photosynthesis and combustion.
• Photosynthesis:

  Absorbing Light Energy to make chemical energy: glucose!

  Pigments:  Absorb different colors of white light (ROY G BIV)
• • Named after Melvin Calvin who discovered the enzymatic reactions that reduce the CO2 to a carbohydrate.
• • Stoma functioned for gaseous exchange during photosynthesis.
  • Requires CO2
  • Uses ATP and NADPH as fuel to run
  • Makes glucose sugar from CO2 and Hydrogen
  • To produce glucose:  it takes 6 turns and uses 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.
• Accessory pigments:  Chlorophyll b and Carotenoids
• • Chlorophyll a directly absorbs light energy
• • Chlorophyll b, an accessory pigment, transfers only the absorbed light energy to chlorophyll a
• Carotenoid, a shade of yellow and orange, only absorbs violet-blue-green
• • Sunlight is the ULTIMATE energy for all life on Earth
• • Chemical energy is released as ATP during cellular respiration
• Plants store energy in the chemical bonds of sugars
• • Glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced
• An Oxidation-Reduction Process or REDOX Reaction - The transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another
• Oxidation reaction: The loss of electrons-hydrogen atoms from a substance or the gain of oxygen.
• Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions are important because they are the principal sources of energy on this planet, both natural or biological and artificial. Very important because oxidation of molecules by removal of hydrogen or combination with oxygen normally liberates large quantities of energy.
• Reduction reaction: The gain of electrons-hydrogen atoms to a substance or the loss of oxygen. It happens when hydrogen atoms are transferred from water to CO2 to form glucose.
• • Aerobic respiration The production of ATP from glucose in the presence of oxygen
• Anaerobic respiration – absence of oxygen