GENETIC ENGINEERING

• GENETIC ENGINEERING is the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material
• GENETIC ENGINEERING is when the genetic makeup of an organism is altered by inserting deleting or changing specific pieces of DNA
• DEOXYROBONUCLEIC ACID more commonly known as DNA is a complex molecule that contains all of the information necessary to build and maintain an organism
• DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID is present in all living things within their cells in other words whenever organism reproduce a portion of their DNA is passed along to their offspring
• DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID is sometimes called THE MOLECULE OF LIFE as almost all organisms have their genetic material codified as DNA
• JAMES WATSON FRANCIS CRICK MAURICE WILKINAS ROSALIND FRANKLIN co discovered the physical structure of DNA which then became the basis for modern biotechnology
• GENETIC MODIFICATION is a process in which genetic material is changed to make possible the production of new substances or new functions to animals plants and humans using biotechnology
• GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS more commonly known as GMOS are organisms that have had their genetic material altered in a laboratory
• ARTIFICIAL SELECTION coined by CHARLES DARWIN is the intentional production combination and conservation of desired traits of animals for future generations and because of this practice that is still being applied until now modern genetic modification was introduced
• 30000 BC is when ancient human began to selectively breed animals to produce traits they want
• 8000 BC is when ancient human began to selectively breed crops
• 1953 is when DNA was discovered
• 1973 the breakthrough in GMO
• 1973 is when HERBERT BOYER STANLEY COHEN engineered an organism in an improved method in which they cut out a gene and transferred it to another
• HERBERT WAYNE HERB BOYER is an american researcher and entrepreneur in biotechnology
• STANLEY NORMAN COHEN is an american geneticist
• HERBERT BOYER STANLEY COHEN encoded an antibiotic resistance from one strain of bacteria to another in order to acquire the same trait
• 1974 is when RUDOLF JAENISCH BEATRICE MINTZ infected mouse embryos with SV40 virus and showed that the viral DNA was integrated into the germline
• 1980 is when the US SUPREME COURT ruled that GMO patents are legal granting the first GMO patent to GENERAL ELECTRIC which became the precedent to rapid development and testing of various GMOS
• 1982 is when FDA approved the first ever GMO drug
• 1990S is when GE crops exploded in popularity
• 2014 is when CRISPR was successfully tested
• 1975 is when ASILOMAR CONFERENCE set guidelines for future GE experiments
• 1992 is when FLAVR SAVR TOMATOES became first GE food crop approved by US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
• 1995 is when US EPA approved the first insecticide producing crop
• 1996 is when herbicide resistant crops were first introduced
• the 4 applications of genetic engineering to medicine are MANUFACTURING OF DRUGS, CREATION OF MODEL ANIMALS THAT MIMIC HUMAN CONDITIONS, GENE THERAPY, MASS PRODUCE HUMAN INSULIN IN HUMAN BACTERIA
• the 5 methods used for genetic engineering are MICROINJECTION, ELECTROPORATION, POLYCATIONIC NEUTRALIZATION, VIRUS MEDIATED, AGROBACTERIUM MEDIATED
• BIOTECHNOLOGY is a technology that involves the use of living organisms which are then used to make useful chemicals and products or to perform an industrial task
• BIOTECHNOLOGY is the production of therapeutic proteins and other drugs through genetic engineering
• BIOTECHNOLOGY is mainly used in agriculture food science and medicine