MICROPARA_3

• What is the fundamental unit of any living organism?

  A cell
• What does metabolism refer to in a cell?

  All chemical reactions occurring within a cell
• What do bacterial cells exhibit?

  All characteristics of life
• What are prokaryotic cells?

  Less complex cells like Bacteria and Archaea
• What are eukaryotic cells?

  More complex cells with a true nucleus
• What do viruses depend on to reproduce?

  Energy and metabolic machinery of a host cell
• What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?

  Controls the functions of the entire cell
• What are the three components of the nucleus?

  Nucleoplasm, chromosomes, nuclear membrane
• What is the function of ribosomes?

  They play an important part in protein synthesis
• What is the function of the Golgi complex?

  Transforms and packages proteins for export
• What do lysosomes contain?

  Digestive enzymes that break down materials
• What is the main function of mitochondria?

  To produce ATP through cellular respiration
• What is the role of chloroplasts in plants?

  Convert light energy into chemical energy
• What are the three types of cytoskeletal fibers?

  Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
• What is the structure of eukaryotic cell walls?

  Much simpler than prokaryotic cell walls
• What is the main constituent of most bacterial cell walls?

  Peptidoglycan
• What is the difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?

  Gram-positive have thick peptidoglycan layers
• What is glycocalyx?

  A slimy, gelatinous material outside the cell wall
• What are the two types of glycocalyx?

  Slime layer and capsule
• How do slime layers and capsules differ in bacteria?

  Slime layers are unorganized; capsules are organized
• What is the Hib vaccine used for?

  Protection against H. influenzae type B
• What is the typical size of a prokaryotic cell?

  About 10 times smaller than eukaryotic cells
• How do prokaryotic cells reproduce?

  By binary fission
• What is the bacterial nucleoid?

  The DNA-occupied space within a bacterial cell
• What are plasmids?

  Small, circular DNA molecules in bacteria
• What is the role of mesosomes in bacteria?

  Site of cellular respiration in bacteria
• How do Mycoplasma bacteria differ from other bacteria?

  They lack cell walls
• What is the significance of CWD bacteria?

  They may cause chronic diseases
• What is the function of the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells?

  Contains ribosomes and other particles
• What is the role of enzymes in the cell membrane?

  Facilitate various metabolic reactions
• What is the diameter of eukaryotic ribosomes?

  18 to 22 nm
• What is the appearance of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

  Granular due to ribosomes on its surface
• How do the functions of the Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum differ?

  Golgi complex packages proteins; ER synthesizes them
• What is the primary function of chloroplasts?

  Photosynthesis
• What is the role of the cytoskeleton?

  Strengthens and supports the cell
• What is the diameter of a typical E. coli cell?

  About 1 μm wide
• What is the significance of the "9 + 2" arrangement in flagella and cilia?

  It is the internal structure of these organelles
• How do flagella differ from cilia in structure and function?

  Flagella are longer and fewer; cilia are shorter and numerous
• What is the primary role of the cell membrane?

  Regulates passage of substances in and out
• What is the function of the nuclear membrane?

  Encloses the nucleus and contains nuclear pores