Animal Studies

• How many goose eggs did Lorenz use in his experiment?

  12 goose eggs
• What was the purpose of dividing the goose eggs in Lorenz's experiment?

  To compare behavior with mother and incubator
• What did Lorenz find about the geese's behavior after hatching?

  Incubator group followed Lorenz, control followed mother
• What is imprinting according to Lorenz's findings?

  Birds attach to the first thing they see
• What did Lorenz identify as a critical period for imprinting?

  The few hours of life
• What happens if imprinting does not occur during the critical period?

  Chicks won’t attach to anything
• How did Lorenz investigate the relationship between imprinting and adult mate preferences?

  He observed courtship behavior towards humans
• What type of environment were Harlow's monkeys raised in?

  Isolation cages
• What were the two types of surrogate mothers used in Harlow's experiment?

  Wire mother and cloth-covered mother
• What did Harlow find regarding the monkeys' preference for the surrogate mothers?

  Monkeys preferred the cloth mother
• What sign of stress was observed in monkeys with only a wire mother?

  Diarrhoea
• What did all monkeys do when scared by a monster in Harlow's experiment?

  Ran to the cloth mother
• What conclusion did Harlow reach about monkeys' attachment needs?

  Contact comfort is more important than food
• What were the long-term effects of maternal deprivation on the monkeys?

  Severe consequences of dysfunction
• How did monkeys reared with wire mothers behave socially?

  More aggressive and less sociable
• What was observed about monkeys raised with soft toys as substitutes?

  They developed atypical social behavior
• What did some monkeys do as mothers according to Harlow's findings?

  Neglected or attacked their young
• What is a criticism of Lorenz's findings regarding generalizability to humans?

  Mammalian attachment systems differ from birds
• What did Guiton et al. (1966) find about imprinting's effect on mating behavior?

  It is not as permanent as Lorenz believed
• What is the argument regarding the critical period in humans?

  It may be a sensitive period instead
• What did Romanian orphan studies suggest about early deprivation?

  Negative effects may not be long-term
• What is the counterargument to the ethical concerns of Harlow's research?

  Research was important enough to justify suffering
• How has Harlow's research been practically valuable?

  Helped understand child neglect and abuse
• What contradiction exists between Harlow's findings and learning theory?

  Contact comfort vs. food importance
• What human study supports Harlow's conclusion about responsiveness?

  Schaffer and Emerson's Glasgow study
• What ethical criticism did Harlow face regarding his research?

  Monkeys suffered greatly from procedures