MODULE 2: ATOM

• An atom is the smallest particle that has all the properties of an element.
• Nuclear binding energy is an energy required to separate protons and neutrons inside the nucleus.
• Electron binding energy is an energy required to completely remove an electron from an atom or its shell.
• The five types of atoms are Greek Atom, Dalton Atom, Thomson Atom, Rutherford Atom, and Bohr Atom.
• Greek Atom is all the matter was composed of four substances: Earth, water, air, and fire.
• Greek Atom is described as combinations of these four basic substances in various proportions, modified by four basic essences: wet, dry, hot, and cold.
• Dalton Atom is an element composed of atoms that reacted the same way chemically.
• Dalton Atom has an electron and proton arrangement for physical combinations.
• Dalton Atom is developed by John Dalton in 1808.
• All atoms of an element are identical and have the same properties in Dalton Atom.
• Dalton Atom states that atoms of different elements combine to form compounds.
• Thomson Atom is developed by Joseph John Thomson in 1980.
• Thomson Atom is an atom is electrically neutral.
• Thomson Atom is where electrons are uniformly dispersed in a homogenous positive sphere.
• Thomson Atom is also known as the plum-pudding model.
• Rutherford Atom is developed by Ernest Rutherford in 1911.
• Rutherford Atom contains a small dense, positively charged center with an electron cloud, known as the nucleus.
• Bohr Atom is developed by Neil Bohr in 1913.
• Bohr Atom is a miniature solar system that is improved Rutherford.
• Bohr Atom is speculated that in the atom, electrons revolve around the nucleus, occupying circular orbits with distinct energy levels.
• Isotopes are the same atomic number but different atomic mass number.
• Nuclear Binding Energy is the energy required to overcome the strong nuclear force.
• Isomer has the same atomic number and the same atomic mass number, differ in chemical properties.
• Stable Nuclides are located in the line of stability.
• The atomic size, which this formula determines the radius of a given nuclide
• Electromagnetic force has opposite charges attract, like charges repel.
• The unit of an atomic mass is u.
• Electron is a negatively-charged particle located at the shell of an atom with a mass of 1.
• Weak Nuclear Force enables the transformation of protons to neutrons and vice-versa.
• Proton is a positively-charged particle with a mass of 1836.
• Neutron is a neutral particle with a mass of 1840.
• Strong Nuclear Force is a force that propels protons being positively charged naturally.
• Isobar are the same atomic number but different atomic numbers.
• Atomic mass represents the number of nucleons present inside the nucleus.
• Strong Nuclear Force holds the nucleons together.
• Isobar are atoms having the same number of nucleons but different numbers of protons and neutrons.
• Isotopes are atoms having the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.
• The radius of the atom is in the femtometer scale which is 10^-15 µm.
• Atomic Shells or Quantum Numbers are paths where electrons orbit around the nucleus.
• Weak Nuclear Force is a force that enables the transformation of protons to neutrons and vice-versa.