history medicine throughout time

• What destroyed the Roman public health systems?

  Wars
• How did war affect trade and communication among doctors?

  It disrupted trade and made travel dangerous
• Why did rulers focus on building armies instead of improving medical skills?

  Because they prioritized military strength over health
• What happened to the training of doctors during the medieval period?

  It was abandoned
• Where did armies take trained doctors during wars?

  To war with them
• What role did the church play in medical education later on?

  It established universities for training doctors
• How did merchants and scholars contribute to medical knowledge?

  By traveling and sharing ideas across Europe
• Who controlled education in the Middle Ages?

  The Christian Church
• What was the role of monasteries in medical care?

  They provided hospitals for the poor
• Why were genuinely ill people often turned away from hospitals?

  Due to fear of disease spreading
• How did Galen's ideas fit with Christian beliefs?

  He referred to "the creator" in his works
• What was the first medical school in Western Europe?

  The one in Salerno, Italy
• What did Arab medicine contribute to Western medicine?

  It developed ideas from Greek scholars
• What did medieval doctors believe caused illness?

  An imbalance of the four humours
• How did astrology influence medieval medicine?

  Doctors relied on it for treatment decisions
• What was the significance of human dissection in medical schools?

  It challenged traditional understandings of anatomy
• What did the church believe about illness?

  It was a punishment for sins
• How did people try to treat the Black Death?

  By using miasma and praying to God
• What was the death toll of the Great Plague in London?

  About 100,000
• What measures were taken to control the spread of the Great Plague?

  Households were locked in and quarantined
• How did the Great Fire of London affect public health?

  It sterilized large parts of London
• What invention helped spread new medical ideas during the Renaissance?

  The Printing Press
• How did the weakening power of the Church affect medicine?

  People sought natural causes for diseases
• Who was Andreas Vesalius?

  A professor of surgery and anatomy
• What was Vesalius's most famous book?

  'On The Fabric of the Human Body'
• How did Vesalius challenge Galen's ideas?

  By pointing out mistakes in his works
• What did Ambroise Paré develop for treating wounds?

  Ligatures to seal wounds
• What was William Harvey's major discovery?

  The circulation of the blood
• How did the Great Plague of 1665 differ from earlier outbreaks?

  It had a higher death toll in London
• What did Louis Pasteur prove about germs?

  They are in the air and cause disease
• What was Robert Koch's contribution to medicine?

  Linking specific diseases to specific microbes
• How did Pasteur's chicken cholera vaccine come about?

  Through a chance discovery after an error
• What were the main problems faced by surgeons in the early 1800s?

  Pain, infection, and bleeding
• How was the problem of pain during surgery addressed?

  By using various anesthetics like ether
• What led to the final acceptance of chloroform as an anesthetic?

  Queen Victoria's acceptance during childbirth
• What was the main reason for opposition to anesthetics?

  Uncertainty about their effects on the body
• How did the problem of infection in surgery get addressed?

  Through the development of germ theory
• What was the name of the book that was given an obscure name?

  The book was not well known
• What substance did J.R. Liston use during a leg amputation?

  Ether
• What were the unpleasant side effects of ether?

  It had very unpleasant side effects