PNLE

• Retrograde inability to recall memories formed before a traumatic event
• Amnesia loss of memory
• Anterograde inability to make new memories after a traumatic event
• Music is the last memory lost
• Confabulation making stories that are not true to fill the gap between memory loss
• Reminiscence therapy intervention for retrograde amnesia
• Intervention for anterograde amnesia is reorient the client by using a clock or calendar
• mood vs affect mood refers to the internal emotions
• mood vs affect affect refers to the external emotions
• Disturbances in Affect Flat sx: no emotional response seen in: Withdrawn
• Disturbances in Affect Blunt sx: minimal emotional response seen in: Major Depression
• Disturbances in Affect Inappropriate sx: emotions are opposite to the context of the situation seen in: Schizophrenia
• Disturbances in Affect Restrictive sx: single emotional response seen in: Paranoid
• Disturbances in Affect Labile sx: sudden shift of emotions seen in: Bipolar disorder
• Neologisms coining of new words
• Schizophasia word salad, mixing of wrods
• Clang associations rhyming of words
• Echolalia repeating the words of others
• Palilalia repeating own words (fast and decreasing audibility)
• Verbigeration repeating phrases
• Stilted language use of flowery words
• Perseveration adherence to a single topic
• Delusion false belief
• Delusion Grandiose superiority or invulnerability
• Delusion Persecutory “to be harmed by others”
• Delusion Somatic bodily functions are abnormal
• Delusion Nihilistic a part of the body is missing
• Delusion Erotomanic “a person is in love with her/him.”
• Delusion Ideas of Reference giving meaning to events or actions of others, must involve other people
• "Validate only the feelings in delusional client e.g. ""I can see"""
• "Voice doubt with delusional clients but do not disagree e.g. ""I find it hard to believe..."""
• Engage delusional clients in reality-based activities
• "The first intervention for delusion patients is to clarify e.g. ""what do you mean by..."""
• Illusion misinterpretation of EXTERNAL stimulus, exists
• Hallucination misinterpretation of SENSORY stimulus, does not exist
• Hallucinations Visual are common in marijuana use
• Hallucinations Tactile or formication are common in alcohol withdrawal
• Hallucinations Olfactory or phantosmia are common in PTSD since smell is close to emotions
• Hallucinations Gustatory or spontaneous dysgeusia are common in epilepsy which manifests as rusty or metallic taste
• Hallucinations Auditory are common in paranoid schizophrenia