AP Chemistry Semester Review

• A negative ion


  Anion
• A positive ion


  Cation
• An element that is malleable, ductile, and conducts


  Metal
• Elements that normally gain electrons and form acidic compounds

  Nonmetals
• On the periodic table, vertical columns are called:

  Groups
• On the periodic table, horizontal rows are called:

  Periods
• Randomness, chaos:

  Entropy
• Maximum amount of product possible from a reaction is the:

  Theoretical yield
• Reactant that gives the theoretical yield:

  Limiting reactant
• Formula for percent yield:

  (Actual yield/ theoretical) x 100
• Reactions that require energy are ________, while reactions that release energy are _________

  endothermic; exothermic
• Having no separation of charge:

  Nonpolar
• Having separation of charge:


  Polar
• A property that depends on the amount of substance:

  Extensive (mass, volume)
• A property that does not depend on the amount of substance:

  Intensive (color, melting point, boiling point)
• The most active metal is _____, the most active nonmetal is _____, the most active element of all is _____

  Francium (Fr), Florine (F), Florine (F)
• Only liquid metal at room temperature is ______, only liquid nonmetal at room temperature is _________

  Hg (mercury), Br (bromine)
• Loss of electrons (charge increasing):

  Oxidation
• Gain of electrons (charge decreasing):

  Reduction
• The heaviest/ least penetrating radiation

  Alpha (helium)
• The radiation that emits an electron

  Beta
• The radiation that has no mass and no charge

  Gamma
• Classify as: strong, weak, or non electrolyte: HCl

  Strong electrolyte (strong acid)
• Classify as: strong, weak, or non electrolyte: methyl alcohol


  Non-electrolyte (alcohol)
• Classify as: strong, weak, or non electrolyte: HCOOH

  Weak electrolyte (weak acid)
• Classify as: strong, weak, or non electrolyte: LiOH

  Strong electrolyte (strong base)
• Classify as: strong, weak, or non electrolyte: F-

  Weak electrolyte (weak base)
• Classify as: strong, weak, or non electrolyte: HClO3

  Strong electrolyte: strong acid
• Classify as: strong, weak, or non electrolyte: KCl

  Strong electrolyte: ionic compound
• Classify as: strong, weak, or non electrolyte: C6H12


  Non-electrolyte: sugar
• Formula used to calculate the strength of a solution an acid-base reaction


  MaVa=MbVb
• Formula used for dilution


  M1V1=M2V2
• Matter tends towards___ energy and ____ entropy

  low; high
• What is the relationship between qreaction and qsolution?

  qreaction=-qsolution
• In a spontaneous reaction at all temperatures, G is....

  Negative
• In a spontaneous reaction at all temperatures, H is....

  Negative
• In a spontaneous reaction at all temperatures, S is....

  Positive
• In a spontaneous reaction at low temperatures, H is


  negative
• In a spontaneous reaction at low temperatures, S is


  negative
• In a spontaneous reaction at low temperatures, G is


  positive