Endocrine

• Glucagon, another hormone produced by the pancreas, regulates blood glucose levels between meals.
• The adrenal medulla contains epinephrine/norepinephrine, which are released as part of the fight or flight response.
• Androgens are targeted to most tissues and have functions such as males: secondary sexual characteristics and females: sex drive.
• The adrenal glands are located on the kidneys and are divided into two regions: the medulla and the cortex.
• If Ca 2+ is high, osteoclasts don’t break down bone matrix and more Ca 2+ is lost in urine.
• The parathyroid gland regulates blood calcium ion levels.
• The adrenal cortex contains aldosterone, a type of mineralocorticoids, which causes Na + and H 2 O to be retained and K + to be secreted, indirectly involved with blood pressure and blood volume.
• The pancreas is an organ in the abdomen that produces insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels after a meal.
• Cortisol is a type of glucocorticoids that increases the breakdown of fat and protein for energy uses and reduces inflammatory and immune responses.
• Melatonin, a hormone produced by the pineal body, targets the hypothalamus and plays a role in the onset of puberty and controls circadian rhythms.
• Thymosin, a hormone produced by the thymus gland, targets immune system tissues and promotes immune system development and function.
• Testosterone, a hormone produced by the testes, targets most tissues and aids in sperm and reproductive organ development.
• Light affects the function of Melatonin.
• Estrogen and Progesterone, hormones produced by the ovaries, target most tissues and are involved in uterine and mammary gland development and menstrual cycle.
• The pancreatic islets secrete insulin in response to elevated blood glucose.
• Most tissues take up glucose when insulin binds to its receptor on the tissues.
• The nervous system uses chemical and electrical signals, responds and stops quickly, targets specific organs, and adapts quickly.
• The endocrine system regulates metabolism and growth.
• The endocrine system monitors blood glucose levels.
• Hormones and neurohormones are secreted into blood and bind to receptor sites.
• Endocrine glands are ductless and release their product into the bloodstream.
• Endocrine glands secrete their product directly into the blood stream.
• Chemical signal is a molecule that is released from one location, moves to another location, and produces a response.
• Intracellular signals produce in one part of a cell and move to another part of the same cell.
• Exocrine glands release secretions to tissue by ducts.
• Examples of organs not usually considered endocrine glands include the brain and heart, which release important substances.
• The endocrine system regulates ions such as calcium, sodium, and potassium.
• The endocrine system has reproductive functions.
• Hormone classification is based on structure and includes steroids, monoamines, and peptide hormones.
• The major organs of the endocrine system include the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, and pancreas.
• Intercellular signals are released from one cell and bind to receptors on another cell.
• Neurotransmitter and neuromodulators are secreted by nerve cells.
• Autocrine signals are released by cells and have a local effect on the same cell type.
• The endocrine system uses chemical signals only, responds and stops quickly, targets specific organs, and adapts quickly.
• Paracrine signals are released by cells that affect other cell types in close proximity.
• The endocrine system aids the immune system.
• The endocrine system regulates heart rate and blood pressure.
• Pheromones are secreted into the environment and modify the behavior and physiology of other individuals in the same species.
• The chemical classes of hormones include proteins, peptides, amino acids, and water-soluble hormones such as growth hormone, antidiuretic, and prolactin.
• Hormone receptors fit like a key in a lock, with the insulin "key" fitting only the insulin receptor "lock" and not stimulating other receptor types.